Catherine of Siena Saint, Mystic, Theologian

Saint Catherine of Siena (March 25, 1347–April 29, 1380) was an ascetic, mystic, activist, author, and holy woman of the Catholic Church. Hardly an anchoress, her assertive and confrontational letters to bishops and popes, as well as her commitment to direct service to the sick and the poor, made Catherine a powerful role model for a more worldly and active spirituality. Fast Facts: Catherine of Siena Known For: Patron saint of Italy (with Francis of Assisi); credited with persuading the Pope to return the papacy from Avignon to Rome; one of two women named Doctors of the Church in 1970Also Known As: Caterina di Giacomo di BenincasaBorn: March 25, 1347 in Siena, ItalyParents: Giacomo di Benincasa and Lapa PiagentiDied: April 29, 1380 in Rome, ItalyPublished Works:  The Dialogue​Feast Day: April 29Canonized: 1461Occupation: Tertiary of the Dominican Order, mystic, and theologian Early Life and Becoming a Dominican Catherine of Siena was born into a large family. She was born a twin, the youngest of 23 children. Her father was a wealthy dye-maker. Many of her male relatives were public officials or went into the priesthood. From age six or seven, Catherine had religious visions. She practiced self-deprivation, especially abstaining from food. She took a vow of virginity but told no one, not even her parents. Her mother urged her to improve her appearance as her family began to arrange her marriage to the widower of her sister, who had died in childbirth. Catherine cut off her hair⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€something nuns do upon entering a convent⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€and her parents punished her for it until she revealed her vow. They then permitted her to become a Dominican tertiary when, in 1363, she joined the Sisters of Penance of St. Dominic, an order made up mostly of widows. It was not an enclosed order, so she lived at home. For her first three years in the order, she stayed isolated in her room, seeing only her confessor. Out of the three years of contemplation and prayer, she developed a rich theological system, including her theology of the Precious Blood of Jesus. Service as Vocation At the end of the three years of isolation, she believed she had a divine command to go out into the world and serve as a means of saving souls and working on her salvation. Around 1367, she experienced a mystical marriage to Christ, in which Mary presided along with other saints, and she received a ring⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€which she said remained on her finger all her life, visible only to her—to signify the union. She practiced fasting and self-mortification, including self-scourging, and took communion frequently. Public Recognition Her visions and trances attracted a following among the religious and secular, and her advisors urged her to become active in the public and political world. Individuals and political figures began consulting her to mediate disputes and give spiritual advice. Catherine never learned to write and she had no formal education, but she learned to read when she was 20. She dictated her letters and other works to secretaries. The best-known of her writing is The Dialogue (also known as Dialogues or Dialogo), a series of theological treatises on doctrine written with a combination of logical precision and heartfelt emotion. She also tried (unsuccessfully) to persuade the church to take up a crusade against the Turks. In one of her visions in 1375, she was marked with the stigmata of Christ. Like her ring, the stigmata were only visible to her. That year, the city of Florence asked her to negotiate the end of a conflict with the popes government in Rome. The Pope himself was in Avignon, where Popes had been for almost 70 years, having fled Rome. In Avignon, the Pope was under the influence of the French government and church. Many feared that the Pope was losing control of the church at that distance. The Pope at Avignon Her religious writing and good works (and perhaps her well-connected family or her tutor Raymond of Capua) brought her to the attention of Pope Gregory XI, still at Avignon. She traveled there, had private audiences with the Pope, argued with him to leave Avignon and return to Rome and fulfill Gods will and mine. She also preached to public audiences while there. The French wanted the Pope in Avignon, but Gregory, in ill health, probably wanted to return to Rome so that the next Pope would be elected there. In 1376, Rome promised to submit to papal authority if he returned. So, in January 1377, Gregory returned to Rome. Catherine (along with St. Bridget of Sweden) is credited with persuading him to return. The Great Schism Gregory died in 1378 and Urban VI was elected the next Pope. However, soon after the election, a group of French cardinals claimed that  fear of Italian mobs had  influenced  their vote and, along with some other cardinals, they elected a different Pope, Clement VII. Urban excommunicated those cardinals and selected new ones to fill their places. Clement and his followers escaped and set up an alternative papacy in Avignon. Clement excommunicated Urbans supporters. Eventually, European rulers were nearly equally divided between support for Clement and support for Urban. Each claimed to be the legitimate Pope and named his counterpart the Antichrist. Into this controversy, called the Great Schism, Catherine threw herself assertively, supporting Pope Urban VI, and writing heavily critical letters to those who supported the Anti-Pope in Avignon. Catherines involvement did not end the Great Schism (that wouldnt happen until 1413), but she worked hard to unite the faithful. She moved to Rome and preached the need for the opposition in Avignon to reconcile with Urbans papacy. Holy Fasting and Death In 1380, in part to expiate the great sin she saw in this conflict, Catherine gave up all food and water. Already weak from years of extreme fasting, she fell gravely ill. Though she ended the fast, she died at age 33. In Raymond of Capuas 1398 hagiography of Catherine, he noted this was the age when Mary Magdalene, one of her key role models, died. It is also the age that Jesus Christ was crucified. There was and is quite the controversy over Catherines eating habits. Her confessor, Raymond of Capua, wrote that she ate nothing but the communion host for years, and considered this a demonstration of her holiness. She died, he implies, as a result of her decision to abstain from not only all food but all water as well. Whether she was anorexic for religion remains a matter of scholarly controversy. Legacy, Feminism, and Art Pius II canonized Catherine of Siena in 1461.  Her The Dialogue survives and has been widely translated and read. Extant are 350 letters that she dictated. In 1939, she was named as a patron saint of Italy, and in 1970, she was recognized as a Doctor of the Church, meaning her writings are approved teachings within the church. Dorothy Day credits reading Catherines biography as an important influence in her life and her founding of the Catholic Worker Movement. Some have considered Catherine of Siena a proto-feminist for her active role in the world. However, her concepts were not exactly what we would consider feminist today. For instance, she believed that her persuasive writing to powerful men would be especially shaming because God sent a woman to teach them. In art, Catherine is usually depicted in a Dominican habit with a black cloak, white veil, and tunic. She is sometimes portrayed with St. Catherine of Alexandria, a fourth-century virgin and martyr whose feast day is November 25. Pinturicchios Canonization of Catherine of Siena is one of the better known artistic depictions of her. She was a favorite subject of several other painters, especially Barna de Siena (Mystical Marriage of Saint Catherine), Dominican Friar Fra Bartolomeo (Marriage of Catherine of Siena), and Duccio di Buoninsegna (Maestà   (Madonna with Angels and Saints)). Resources and Further Reading Armstrong, Karen. Visions of God: Four Medieval Mystics and Their Writings. Bantam, 1994.Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. University of California, 2010.Curtayne, Alice. Saint Catherine of Siena. Sheed and Ward, 1935.da Siena, Saint Caterina. The Dialogue. Ed. trans. by Suzanne Noffke, Paulist Press, 1980.da Capua, Saint Raimondo. Legenda Major. Trans. by Giuseppi Tinagli, Cantagalli, 1934; trans. by George Lamb as The Life of St. Catherine of Siena, Harvill, 1960.Kaftal, George. St. Catherine in Tuscan Painting. Blackfriars, 1949.Noffke, Suzanne. Catherine of Siena: Vision through a Distant Eye. Michael Glazier, 1996.Petroff, Elizabeth Alvilda. Body and Soul: Essays on Medieval Women and Mysticism. Oxford University, 1994.

Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 2496 Words

It is in the nature of human beings to coexist, adapt, tolerate and think. Human beings use their thinking to solve personal, emotional and societal problems. A world where there are restrictions to what one may think of or what one can use one’s brain for is unthinkable. A world where one is to do as told and cannot think outside the box is unacceptable. This is the world of the novel to be discussed in this essay. Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 uses different literary elements, and character is one of the most important elements that contributes to the richness of this novel. Bradbury takes readers into a far future to give them a hint of what their world may become if care is not taken. With the use of different elements, Bradbury builds a world like no other, setting the novel very far into the future, many generations after the novel is written. The use of characters accurately depicts the story the novel tells and represents the idea of the society. Written t o portray a futuristic society, Fahrenheit 451 uses the different characters as one of its powerful literary devices to not only build the plot of the novel but to also create a theme any reader may relate to. In the first place, when a story with many characters lays emphasis on the struggles, battles, weaknesses and eventually strengths of a particular character, then the author is not only using this character for plot development, but also to give readers an insight to the growth and development of thisShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511721 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature slowly disappear from the minds of the population? This is the question that Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, attempts to answer. In this book, he describes a hypothetical world in which the population not only avoids reading, but has made owning books an unthinkable crime, with all books discovered burned, along with the houses of those who hoarded them. In this dystopian future creat ed by Bradbury, the beauty that is literature has been replaced in society by television programs andRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511358 Words   |  6 Pagesnotice them, books were outlawed, knowledge was forbidden, and memories were hard to come by? In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury presents a society which invokes much thought about the way we live in society today. It’s a story about a lifestyle in the future that has evolved from our present, but in seemingly different worlds. Through the protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury makes a wider point about the dangers that a society can present. The government of this future forbids itsRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopian society. Citizens in the United States have the same general behavior as those in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451. This novel features a world where cars are fast, music is loud, and watching television is the main way to spend free time. People rarely make time for each other, rarely imagine and form their own opinions, and rarely take the timeRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512532 Words   |  11 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a magnificent masterpiece written to aid in visualizing what a distant future dystopian society would look like; one in which everyone lives in the fast lane, technology is at its crowning, void of human relations and instant satisfactions, as well as gratifications, are constantly being pursued. The novel was written during the era where communism and the holocaust began to sprout. Mr. Bradbury, being a patriot of his country, feared that society was leaning towardRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451976 Words   |  4 PagesGuy Mont age from Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 would be similar to life without a choice. Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 demonstrates how excessive use of technology affects a person’s relationship. Montage is the protagonist of the novel who is a fireman. Montage lives in a world where his job is to burn books, and initiate a fire. The government is trying to outlaw the use of books in the city. Bradbury portrays this new world through the character of Montage. Bradbury describes Montage’sRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512451 Words   |  10 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is a prime example of social criticism. The story sets in the 24th century where people race jet cars; the author’s idea of the future. It shows a flawed social structure, controlled by the media and government with banning and burning of books, and suppressing society’s minds from history. Their logical thought was that it would keep society from thinki ng too much, which in turn would prevent bad thoughts, and to keep them â€Å"happy all the time†. The book tells a storyRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 Pagesnot accepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, instea d of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readers through the story in order to show them his own outlook on the future- in fact, all dystopianRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512071 Words   |  9 Pageslives? In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury depicts a society that is immersed in technology, which becomes an obsession for most of its people. Bradbury also describes the negative effects that come with this technology, especially losing essential human traits like communication and common sense. Finally, Bradbury sends the message that technology is so powerful that it not only controls certain people, but an entire society as well. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes the dangers

Management Accounting Transfer Pricing

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Transfer Pricing. Answer: Introduction: The transfer price is referred as the price at which various divisions of the company transact in business. It is considered to be a trade of labour and goods between departments of a company. The individual entity of a multi entity fund treats the price of the goods and of labour separately. In multi entity corporations different division of the entity is in charge of their own profit, and their calculation of ROIC. The division who are in charge of their profit need to transact among them, and the transfer price concept is used to measure up the price of the goods. The transfer price market acknowledged the market rate of the goods. The goods transferred or to be transferred from one entity to another entity shall fix their price no less than the market rate. If they set the price of the goods lower than market rate, one entity is going to lose its profit. There are regulations in place that guide the transfer pricing concept. There has to be fairness and accuracy in transfer pricing among the entities. In the matter of transfer pricing, the regulation of the arms length is followed and the entities should establish pricing policy based on the transactions done between partiesnot related to each other but at arms length (Investopedia, 2016). Documentation: Transfer pricing requires strict documentation. The transactions involved in the transfer pricing requires close monitoring by the department and by the auditor. It is expected that all the deals related to the transfer pricing would be viewed and monitored in various department; any kind of discrepancy can lead to higher tax payment, regulatory penalty and restatement fees. It has to be ensured that profit for every department is booked properly and the price at the arms length concept is applied in the transfer pricing. It is well known fact that 60% of the goods sold internationally are between related companies (ATO, 2016). Different transfer pricing: The transfer pricing (TP) landscape in Australia is evolving. The tax authorities in Australia are planning to approach the transfer pricing concept by reference to arms length conditions. There are respective treaties accepted by Australia in TP will be applied. It is expected that new TP concept will incorporate the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Transfer Pricing Guidelines. The new TP laws were introduced in Australia after loss of commissioner in Full Federal Court case of Commissioner of Taxation vs. SNF (Australia) Pty Ltd. The holistic view of TP rules on arms length conditions including cross border transactions is acknowledged by Government of Australia and the plan was to incorporate OECDS Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) strategy (Kpmg, 2014). According to OECD transfer pricing assessment methods has evolved over the time. In international marketing five different transfers pricing methods are used by the industries. The TP methods are as following: Transfer At cost: The companies generally use the transfer at cost approach which contributes to the corporate profitability in domestic manufacturing industries. This policy also helps to keep duties at a minimum. The companies do not have any profit expectation from transfer price. Cost-Plus Pricing: The cost-Plus pricing method suggests that companies have taken the position that profit must be shown at every stage of movement of the goods through the corporate system. The cost-plus pricing method may imply that price of the goods become completely unrelated to competitive or demand conditions in the international market. It is often seen that most of the exporters use that method. Market based Transfer price: In the market based transfer price the price of the goods to be derived from the international market. There is however considerable degree of variation how profit is to be determined. To enter the new market at the market based price would not help new entrant in the market. Arms-Length Transfer Pricing: It is called the price which is reached between unrelated parties in a similar transaction and these kinds of transactions are called as arms-length transfer pricing. The arms-length price can be seen as not the single price but the range of price. Tax Regulations and Transfer Prices: It is often seen that high tax countries do use the policy of reallocation of income and expenses to maximize national tax revenues. The rates determined by the tax department are insensitive to the business and to the income of the companies (Chand, 2016). Conclusion: OECD is working overtime to set the principal of TP right among member countries. The assessment of the price of the goods transferred to one entity to another entity needs to be fixed based on some regulations and methods to be adopted by various countries. There are five methods being applied by OECD to ascertain the price of the goods to be transferred genuinely. One of such method is known as CUP method, according to this method price of the property or goods transferred under controlled transactions to be compared with the price of the product under uncontrolled transaction. This method can be applied for all types of transactions but it has to be applied in a reasonable and reliable manner. The resale price method is used by the entities which has purchased some product from the associated entity at some price and resold to another entity. The resale price is effectively reduced by the appropriate gross margin. The cost plus method can also be followed where appropriate mark up to be added to the cost of the product to determine the price of the goods. The transactional net margin method is based on the net profit methods. The net profit is to be compared from the uncontrolled transactions in the business entity. The arms length price is to be compared with the actual price at which the transactions have taken place (OECD, 2010). The transfer pricing is nothing but transfer of the goods to one entity to another entity at price. In large companies operate divisions for production of goods. If one division releases the goods at the manufactured price, the efficiency of the division cannot be understood at the cost price. It is also seen that individual entity treats the price of the goods and of labour separately. It is obvious that in multi entity corporations different division charge profit, and calculate ROIC independently. The division charge of their profit need to transact among them, the valuation concept of the price based on transfer price arms length concept is used to measure up the price of the goods. The transfer price market acknowledged the market rate of the goods. Transfer pricing requires strict documentation. The transactions involved in the transfer pricing requires close monitoring by the department and by the auditor. The burden of accounting and documentation is significant as all the deals related to the transfer pricing would be viewed and monitored. Any of the discrepancy of charging lower price to evade tax can lead to regulatory penalty and restatement fees. Each department would look to establish profit from the operation and decide the price at the arms length concept. In all such transactions 60% of the goods sold internationally are between related companies (ATO, 2016). Cleaning and Scraping Division Processing Division Sales 95 160 Units 400000 400000 Direct material 18 5 Direct labour 12 10 Manufacturing overhead 40 25 Variable Cost Direct material 18 5 Direct labour 12 10 Manufacturing overhead 30 10 Selling cost 5 Variable Cost 65 25 Fixed Cost 4000000 6000000 Contribution Margin Sales-Variable Cost 31.58% 84.38% Sales The target of the transfer pricing is to ensure that goods produced by one department reaches to other department at the market price. The help of the price of the unrelated divisions is to be accepted for that purpose. Each division would love to buy goods at the lowest cost so that it can maximize the return of the goods. The target of the divisions would be negotiating the lowest possible price. Here the cost of Cleaning and Scraping Division producing Cruden at $70. If the division decides to sell the Cruden in the open market, it can sell the product at $95 a unit. Processing Division would love to buy the goods at $70. The decision of the company is that Cleaning and Scraping Division produces 400,000 units per year and transfers it all to the Processing Division at total actual manufacturing cost plus 10%. If this proposition is acceptable to the Processing Division, then it would buy the goods at 10% mark up resulting into $77. The target would be negotiating the best deal for the processing division. If processing division is placed at low tax country then the management of the company may decide to sell that product at $70 to the processing division but that may not be acceptable to the tax authorities and they may seek that the sale price of the Cleaning and Scraping Division is listed not below $95, which is the market rate. According to the transfer pricing rules the goods can be sold to other department at the cost price or at cost plus mark up. It is often seen that large organization transfer goods to no tax processing department at the cost price. The reason for such transfer is to evade tax. If the nest department or any be the assembly department is situated in a low tax country, the goods are transferred to that department at cost price, which saves significant amount of tax for the company (Treasury, 2016). There are several methods used to assess the transfer price namely; at cost-plus price. The cost plus price is the added mark up with the cost. One department or the entity transfers goods at the cost plus mark up price which is already negotiated between two departments. The price at the arms length concept can be utilized by the departments also, where the goods is transferred to the price prevailing at the market under unrelated transactions. The better idea would be transfer the goods from Cleaning and Scraping Division to Processing Division at the negotiated price which will be cost plus mark up. Here in this case cost plus 10% would be a better concept. References: ATO, 2016. International transfer pricing - introduction to concepts and risk assessment. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/print-publications/international-transfer-pricing---introduction-to-concepts-and-risk-assessment/ [Accessed 08 September 2016]. ATO, 2016. Simplifying transfer pricing record keeping. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/International-tax-for-business/In-detail/Transfer-pricing/Simplifying-transfer-pricing-record-keeping/ [Accessed 08 September 2016]. Chand, S., 2016. 5 Types of Transfer Pricing Methods used in International Marketing. [Online] www.yourarticlelibrary.com Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/product-pricing/5-most-important-types-of-transfer-pricing-methods-used-in-international-marketing/5820/ [Accessed 08 September 2016]. Investopedia, 2016. Transfer Price. [Online] www.investopedia.com Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/transferprice.asp [Accessed 08 September 2016]. Kpmg, 2014. Global Transfer Pricing Review. [Online] www.kpmg.com Available at: https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/global-transfer-pricing-review/Documents/australia-2014.pdf [Accessed 08 September 2016]. OECD, 2010. TRANSFER PRICING METHODS. [Online] www.oecd.org Available at: https://www.oecd.org/ctp/transfer-pricing/45765701.pdf [Accessed 08 September 2016]. Treasury, 2016. Income Tax: cross-border profit allocation - review of transfer pricing rules. [Online] treasury.gov.au Available at: https://treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Consultations%20and%20Reviews/Consultations/2016/OECD%20BEPS%20Transfer%20Pricing%20Recomendations/Key%20Documents/PDF/Transfer%20Pricing%20Guidelines%20Public_Consultation.ashx [Accessed 08 September 2016].

Stare Way to Heaven free essay sample

As with all song analysis, well look at the song form, the arrangement, the sound and the production. The Song Stairway To Heaven is one of the most interesting songs ever in terms of song form. Everything about it breaks the rules of what we consider pop song form, but thats what makes it so cool. Heres what the form looks like: Intro (8 bars of guitar), Intro (16 bars with Maelstrom), Verse (20 bars), Interlude (8 bars), B section (8 bars), Verse (8 bars), Interlude (1 bar), B section (16 bars), Verse (16 bars), Interlude (1 bar), B section (16 bars), Verse (16 bars), Interlude (1 bar) Thats Just the first part of the song!As you can see, every section is somewhat different length-wise. Now comes the C section up-tempo outer: Intro (2 bars of 7/8), Guitar Solo (36 bars), Vocal (36 bars), Outer (16 bars). Ending There are a couple of interesting things here. First of all the C section intro is in 7, which is highly unusual for a rock song, then both the solo and vocal are 36 bars each, or 9 times through the pattern instead of 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Stare Way to Heaven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once again, this is so much different than what youd expect, yet it works.The Arrangement The arrangement for Stairway is brilliant in that there are only 7 instruments, yet it the sounds much bigger. The beginning of the song is mostly acoustic guitar and maelstrom flutes, and a Fender Rhodes electric Plano holds down the bass from the 1st B section onwards to the C section. On the earth verse, the drums and bass enter, along with a 12 string electric. A Telecaster then doubles the riff during the interludes.Take notice that the electric piano continues to play even after the bass enters, with the bass mostly (but not always) doubling it. The C section outer is built around the 12 string electric, bass and drums, and the solo Telecaster (In one of Pages best solos). On the 7th time through the pattern, a enters its back to the bass, drums and 12 string, with the Telecaster playing an answer line on the 3rd time through the pattern. On the 8th time through, the chords are accented, but continue through for a 9th time (really unusual! . The song then ands with a solo vocal, which is, once again, unusual. Ere Sound Stairway was recorded on 16 track at Island Studios in London as well as on location at Hadley Grange using the Rolling Stones mobile studio. The acoustic guitar on the Intro is interesting in that its panned to the left with a somewhat long plate revere that you hear more on the right side. Later in the song, the 12 string is pretty much bathed in this revere. Ere drums are heavily compressed, and are actually recorded in stereo.This, in fact, might have been one of the earliest examples of stereo drums, but its a pretty mild erosion, with Just a little of the crash cymbal and floor tom slightly panned to the left. Ere vocal has a very short delayed plate revere to put it in an environment, but its still pretty much in the forefront of the band. Ere Production limy Page considers this his masterpiece and I think so to, although you have to give props to bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones for his arrangement skills for the boards.The maelstrom parts could have been boring if they were repeated with every section, but each section is different, which keeps it interesting. Ere song starts quietly, builds to a crescendo, and ends almost in silence, in an excellent example of tension and release. Listen how the instruments weave in and out of the track, even though the instrumentation and tracks are limited. Remember that the song is 8:03 and you want to listen to the whole thing all the way through.

The War Of 1812 Essays - Maryland, United States,

The War of 1812 The War of 1812 To many, the War of 1812 is considered the second war for independence. To me, it is the one of the most unusual wars of all time. During a time period between 1803-1812 British sailors had been tormenting American ships on the high seas. British captains would eventually take over and capture over 10,000 American citizens to man British ships. In June of 1807, three miles off the coast of Virginia, an American ship named the Chesapeake was commanded by a British ship named the Leopard to be boarded. When the Chesapeake refused to cooperate, the Leopard fired, killing three and wounding eighteen. This humiliated the United States and its people. The anti-British frame of mind was in full swing on the eve of the upcoming election. In 1812, James Madison was elected President of the United States. Aggressive southern frontiersman known as the Warhawks dominated Congress. The group included Kentuckian Henry Clay as Speaker of the house and South Carolinian John C. Calhoun. These men and others rejected Thomas Jefferson's strategy of peaceful coercion. These speakers could ignite a crowd and stir up aggressiveness towards the British. They would talk of the humiliation and how America shouldn't have to put up with it. They were pressuring Madison to do something. Congress wanted Madison to invade Canada and attack the Indians who had been tormenting homes on the frontier. Madison finally succumbed to their wishes and declared war on the British June 1, 1812. The timing of his actions seemed odd as over the last few months actions against each country seemed to have been at ease. There had been no new attacks on the high seas and at the time Madison called for war, British Government was suspending the Orders in Council. This was an appeasing gesture that in all likelihood would have preserved the peace. Madison never really wanted the annexation of Canada; he was merely pushed into the decision. There were three attempts to invade Canada and they all failed. Toronto, the capital of Canada was assaulted and burned to the ground in the Battle of York April 27, 1813. Two more attempts were made and the struggling United States Army was pushed back. British naval ships blockaded all major ports and no ships were allowed to leave or enter. As successful as the British troops were on land, the high seas belonged to the Americans. Captain Isaac Hull's ship, the Constitution won a major battle against the HMS Guerriere and American privateers crushed or captured a number of British merchant ships. On September 13,1813, Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a decisive American naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. In October of that same year, Indian Chief Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of Thames, a United States victory. In March of 1814, Andrew Jackson scored a victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend over the Creek Indians. By this time the British were already tired of the war and it was costing them too much money. As the threat of Napoleon decreased in Europe, the British navy increased in size and power in North America. The naval blockades in American ports became much stronger than they were ever before. Sir George Prevost, commander of the British forces hastily entered upper New York State; an American fleet headed by Captain Thomas Macdonough was waiting to turn him back. The Battle of Plattsburgh was an American victory and it secured a northern border between the two countries. Before the Battle of Plattsburgh, British forces had already planned a three-part invasion into the United States. They were amazed to see that the Chesapeake region, which they had tormented throughout the war, was totally defenseless. The British invaded and burned down the Capital and other Government buildings. In no way were these actions essential to a British victory. They were simply retaliation for Americans burning down the Canadian capital of Ontario. The British were not impressed with the defenseless capital and wanted more. On September 13,1814, British Naval ships began bombarding Baltimore and Fort McHenry. For twenty-four hours Fort McHenry became a theater of war. When the British finally gave up the maneuver, Francis Scott Key wrote a song devoted to the perseverance of Fort McHenry called The Star Spangled Banner. Today it is our National Anthem. While a Peace treaty was being put together in Europe, British troops were about to invade New Orleans in one of the most bitter endings to one of the strangest wars of all time. The War of 1812 was over and British troops were going into Battle

The Last September essays

The Last September essays In the novel, The Last September, Elizabeth Bowen describes specific events and displays extreme emotions that many people would think could only be expressed from personal experience. Elizabeth would put characteristics of her childhood and teenager years into the life of Lois, one of the main characters in the book. Her life was full of trials and tribulations and she shared that throughout her novel. I believe that Elizabeth Bowen wrote this novel from her own personal experience, especially through Lois Farquar. As stated by the author Phyllis Lassner, Bowens conception of her family home is reconstituted in the relationship between Danielstown and its residents(Lassner 27). Elizabeth Bowens books portray moments in her life: In The Last September, Miss Bowens first important novel, she deals directly with the crisis of being Anglo-Irish at a time of national crisis, called the Troubles. Just as her early stories were written about her childhood at the time of her transition to adulthood, this work, too, marks another stage of transition in her life. (Kenny 61) Elizabeth Bowens life is portrayed through the characters and setting of her book The Last September. Elizabeth Bowen was born in 1899. She lived most of her life in England with her mother. Her father had a mental illness so she was unable to stay with him. Bowens mother passed away when Elizabeth was young, so she was sent to live with some elderly relatives. Elizabeths father died when she was in her 20s and she inherited the family estate, Bowens Court, where she lived alone for about eight years (Kenny 31-32). In her novel The Last September, Lois Farquar is living Elizabeth Bowens life. Elizabeth is telling the story of her life almost directly through Lois character. Lois mother died therefore, she had to move in with her aunt and uncle Naylor, which was the same situation El...

Success Factors in the World Toy Industry Essay - 23

Success Factors in the World Toy Industry - Essay Example This is because wherever there is a fair competition market structure, the number of competitors becomes many, with each having its own business strategy. Whiles doing this, ways in which the company can take advantage of globalization through international expansion shall also be reviewed. Quote (year) noted that every industry has its own success factors, some of which are internal and others, external. As far as the toy industry is concerned, a similar situation can be seen. From the outcome of the market research by Key Note (2014), one identifies three major success factors that influence the outcome of the toy industry as to whether a particular company will be successful or not. The first of these is the child population in the market, which in this case is the UK market. This is an important success factor given that children serve as the direct consumers of toys and toy products. From Appendix A, it can be seen that there is a very favorable trend of child population whereby the number of children within the population keeps increasing by the year. The second success factor that is also reflected in the Key Note report has to do with the household activity of families in the UK. Quote (year) noted that household activity forms an important demographic factor that directly influences the purchasing behavior of families. As a success factor, it is expected that it is expected that most households will be involved in economic and social activities that make it possible for them to buy toys for their children. With this said, it can be seen from appendix B that there are several homes without dependent children. This is a bad indication for the toy industry because the more dependent children there are the more likely it is for there to be patronage of toys. Meanwhile, the number of workless households keeps reducing by the year, which means that the likelihood of homes to be able to afford different kinds of toys is higher.

An argumentative paper with a thesis statement which argues for or Research

An argumentative with a thesis statement which argues for or against liberty for the individual - Research Paper Example Liberty is our freedom to self-determine and self-govern our lives, both in thought, expression, and actions. The Pursuit of Happiness is considered to be a substitution for the traditional right of Property, and this is a fundamental difference between the concept of natural rights as posited by the American founders vs. their European counterparts in Enlightenment thinking. Nevertheless, they key to both views of Liberty is the writing of John Locke where he posited a system of â€Å"natural rights† which were endemic to the human existence, and as such inalienable, unable to be abrogated by government institutions. Men could bind together to form governments that protected these rights and led to progress in many areas, but if governments violated these fundamental rights of man, it was nature itself and no other legal or political power that the individual could invoke as the foundation for resistance or revolution. â€Å"The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges every one, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of Nature for his rule.† (Locke, 1690) Thus, because of the natural rights of man, the individual has an autonomy based in liberty, freedom and self-determination, this is fundamental – in religion, God-given. In this manner, other men cannot violate these rights or take away the liberty of the individual without inspiring a legitimate self-defense reaction from the individual, just as if another sought to steal his property or take his life. The justification of defense of Liberty is natural, based in the natural rights of man, and thus in Ayn Rand’s â€Å"Anthem† we see how the totalitarian society of the

14th Amendment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

14th Amendment - Research Paper Example The 13th Amendment raises some critical questions for the lawmakers, and the 14th Amendment was drafted in order to answer these questions of law. The first question to be dealt was the citizenship of the freed slave; associated to this was whether they have the right to own property like the white. Second critical problem that needed an answer was the treatment of freed slaves by law courts of law. Other problems included treatment of rebels; the loans that were borrowed by the rebellions during the civil war, and the right of rebels to be elected for Congress. The 14th Amendment comprises of 5 sections, they deal with the citizenship, equal protection of law, due process, debt, and power of the Congress to enforce. A brief commentary of the clauses presented in the 14th Amendment along with original is provided as follows. Citizenship by place of birth was not a new law. It has bases in the centuries old English Common Law, and it followed the simple doctrine of jus soli. Until the infamous case of Dred Scott when the Supreme Court abrogated the doctrine, jus soli was a part of American Jurisprudence(Stein & Bauer, 1995). The question of jurisdiction has long been debated especially in the cases of illegal immigrants. The critics have vocalized their concern on the legitimacy of citizenship of the child born to illegal immigrants in America. Another case is of the aliens residing within America, who stay for longer period, and give birth to children in America.

Apple Iphone Os Vs Google Android Os Computer Science Essay

Apple Iphone Os Vs Google Android Os Computer Science Essay This report is to provide the effect of smart phone operation system and also analyze which operation system will be lead in such a competitive market. Among of many operation systems in market, this report makes a comparison between Apples iPhone OS and Googles Android OS. The findings of this report are based on factors such as performance characteristics, market share growth, demands and future technology. First of all, we analyze the performance characteristics which are the most important part for consumers to consider before they buy. The performance characteristics are including resolution, voice control, battery standby time, applications, and open source platform. The second comparison is market share of each operation system. iPhone OS was leading in first quarter of 2010 than Android OS, the research show how quickly the rate has changed in second quarter of 2010. While iPhone OS leads in market in past few months, Android OS has been rising rapidly. Android devices are available on all four major carriers but the iPhone has not been willing to license its OS out to other carriers except ATT. Although iPhone has the high popularity since its launch in 2007, most people who want to buy an iPhone will not get the chance to buy one because iPhon e remains only on ATT.The third comparison taken into consideration is demands and customer satisfaction levels. The demands for the iPhone and customer satisfaction are relatively high. However, if Apple stays closed minded, it will not achieve the market share estimated. The last part is about their future perspective, both iPhone OS and Android OS will release their newest generation OS to their amazing phones in next year 2011.These four factors could give a conclusion that Googles Android OS will overtake Apples iPhone OS in very soon. Apples iPhone OS and Googles Android OS are both excellent operation systems. Based on the findings, Android OS will overtake iPhone OS in the market when considering each in terms of performance characteristics , market share growth, demand and future technology. Although iPhone has larger share in the market, more customers loyalty and higher customers satisfaction levels, we can assume that the difference between iPhone and Android will not last for much longer. This concludes that Android OS will surpass iPhone OS in the future because of the variety of devices it offers in the market and available in major wireless carriers. Based on the conclusion presented above the following actions are recommended for Apples iPhone operation system to compete in such a crowded market: Apples iPhone need to become business partner with major wireless carriers such as Verizon ,T-Mobile and Sprint and that is the exact strategy that Google has used with Android to grow so fast . Also provide the best overall experience at the lowest monthly cost, lower phone cost and carrier promotions, such as Verizons buy-one-get-one-free offer on Android OS de vices. APPLE (IPHONE) VS GOOGLE (ANDROID) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background As a 2009 study by Pogue, he states that new concepts for smart phone utilization nearly makes the newest smart phone obsolete on first day of issue, none the less the smart phone is not only a dont leave home without out, it is as essential as a home key. Companies all over world are building out the necessary hardware creating advanced performance capabilities which allow for smarter applications. In recalling the centuries old existing communication systems and relating this thought to smart phones can only result in the wonder of the future of todays communication systems. (Pogue) The purpose of this report is preparing market analysis of operating systems for smart phones. This communication device has nearly replaced all other types of communications. The smart phone and the smart phone operating system is an unbelievable partnership in artificial intelligence. The individual who adapts himself to learn how to master these systems should be ahead of his competitors. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this report is to provide the effect of smart phone operating system. Among of many smart phones in markets, this report makes a comparison between Iphones OS and Googles Android OS technologies through factors such as features, demand, market growth, and future perspective in the determine which smart operating system will be lead in smart market. Scope The report only discusses Iphone operating systems and Googles OS used in smart phone in all, in common without any detailed discussion of the different other device in operating system. We also took a look consumer satisfaction levels based upon the type of OS they report having on their smart phone. Limitations If there are some limitations for this project they would be, the most is the timing. We feel that we are in a rush manner to find the most useful information in only a couple weeks to completed our report. In addition, we have some difficult personal individual situations to apply to our group meeting. While the scope is already being limited to two types of operating system, there are also a range of operating systems that are provied by Symbian OS, Microsoft Windows Mobile, and Linux. We have included related information from other smart phones while elimination phone identification. Methods of Research We are going to use secondary research method to complete this report. To avoid unreliable resources we only chose the most factual information from the databases of the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library at California State University, Los Angeles. We also narrow the articles from 2007 to 2010 no more than three years. The rest of information we are going to use from the google search engine. CHAPTER 2 FINDINGS The evolution of the smart phone has become an invaluable aid in our daily activities. Phones such as Iphone and Andriod have already caused life changing methods of communications and future innovations will definitely be welcomed. The finding of this report indicates the concept of the vast areas for improvement is overwhelming and difficult to identify relative to order of importance. These finding are shown through analysis of performance characteristics, demand, market growth, and future prospective. Performance Characteristics In analysis the performance characteristics between the Android and Iphone, the main difference is that the Android is built on an open source platform, so that the application developer can develop more and more applications for Android. Instead of open source, iPhone is built on a proprietary operating system, only Apple can make changes to the system, and only their engineers can develop applications for iPhone. Currently, Apple has approximately 20,000 applications to 70,000 applications more than Android. Nevertheless, as Android grows impressively in the market, as more developers develop applications for Android, the numbers will narrow down in the future. Despite iPhone having more applications at this moment, Android has free advanced GPS application over iPhone that allows you to voice control navigation. You dont have to input a specific address. You can simply say turn to the Staple center in Los Angeles and the application will find the correct route for you. The displays on both phones have big differences too. Android has big 3.7 inches screen with 854 x 480 pixels. This screen size is almost two times larger than the previous generation iPhone 3GS. Android supports multiple screen solutions from 480 x 320 to 854 x 480, which means it has flexible screen fits applications for better view. Compare to the Android big screen, iPhone has only 3.5 inches screen. Although the screen size is smaller than Android, iPhone has a huge 960 x 640 pixel resolution, that means everything displays on the screen is much more noticeable and detailed than Android. Android and iPhone are have a built in rechargeable lithium ion battery. The difference is you can remove and replace the battery from Android as needed. And for iPhone, the only way you can remove the battery is to send it back to the factory. In regarding the talk time and the idle time, iPhone has outperformed Android. iPhone has 7 hours talk time and 14 hours standby time for up to 300 hours. In comparison, Android has about 300 minutes of talk time and 146 hours standby time. Market Share Growth In Quantcasts online research report by Sarah Perez , both iPhone operation system and Android operation system are increasing their share of the US smart phone market .The iPhone OS seen to gain market share steadily .The iPhone OS market share accounted for moving large chunks of its competitors such as T-mobile , Sprint and Verizon. The iPhone OS has 58 percent of the overall OS market, which this seem small but it actually represents 75 million devices sold during the period of two and a half years. On the other hand, Googles operation system has been rising rapidly. Googles Android is an operating system available on variety of phones models made by different manufacturers, such as LG, HTC, Samsung and Motorola . Also major wireless carriers including ATT, T-mobile, Sprint and Verizon have now become business partners with Google. Meanwhile, Apples operating system is used only on iPhone. According to new data from The Nielsen Company states that Android only held 13% market share as of Q2 2010 representing significant growth from 9% as recently as Q1 2010. Maintaining second place with 28% market share, iPhone showed slight growth from Q2 2010 as shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1 Among recent smart phone subscribers , Androids Q2 2010 performance was impressive. Googles Android operating system edged out Apples iPhone operating system for the No. 2 spot in the U.S. consumer smart phone market in the first quarter. As shown in Figure 2 on next page, Android grew its market share from 17% in Q1 2010 to 27%, taking second place from iPhone, which quarterly market share slipped from 27% to 23% . Figure 2 Demands According to the data from Nielson Company by Don Kellogg, iPhone and Android different from the other smart phones is demand on operating system by users. 80% of iPhone users want their next device to be iPhone OS while 70% of Android users want another Android device. Among both users who would like to switch operating systems, the rate at which Android users would like to try iPhone is twice as high as that of iPhone users who would try Android. On next page, Figure 3 shows customer loyalty based on the operation systems. Figure 3 Customers Satisfaction Heres what we found the article written by Paul Carton and Jean Crumrine based on Change Wave Research. The Apple iPhone lead all other major cell phone manufacturers, with 74% of owners reporting theyre very satisfied with their iPhone. We also took a look at consumer satisfaction levels based upon the type of OS they report having on their smart phone as Figure 4 shown in next page. Figure 4 Future Perspective Technology is changing fast, the iPhone 4 has just released in the last summer, and the new generation iPhone 5 has already been announced that it will release in 2011. According to Hubpages news, the new iPhone5 change to 4G in the network which improvement new applications loaded such as video chat on 3G and 4G, and also include Face Recognition Security. Comprared to the iPhone 4 with 7 hours talk time and 14 hours standby time for up to 300 hours, the battery performance will be increased in iPhone 5 significantly. Standby time increased to 600 hours and talk time with 14 hours on 3G and a 7 hours on 4 G, twice times longer than iPhone 4. New iPhone5 will also support Flash, which a lot of future applications and webpage will require it. In the other side, Google will name Ice Cream for their next generation Android 4.0. According to Droidmarkets Website, the future of Android operating system, Android 3.5 Honeycomb and Android 4.0 will be released in 2011. Android 3.5 Honeycomb is following on from Android 3.0 Gingerbread platform, that improvements will focus on support for WebM video playback, improved user interface, and multimedia and support 3D gaming and resources that the way 3.1 followed 3.0. New Android will be more tablet-friendly and significantly faster. The new system will also support Flash as iPhone 5 do. One good news for Youtuber is the Ice Cream will support 1080p HDMI Output, which allowed you to connect your Ice Cream to your high destination TV. You can play BlueRay movie in HDTV with your Ice Cream standalone. CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions In conclusion, both Apples iPhone OS and Googles Android OS are excellent operation systems. Based on the findings, it is predictable that Android OS will overtake iPhone OS in the market when considering each in terms of performance characteristics, market share growth, demands and future perspective. Although iPhone has larger share in the market, more customers loyalty and higher customers satisfaction levels, we can assume that the difference between iPhone and Android will not last for much longer. This concludes that Android OS will surpass iPhone OS in the future because of the variety of devices it offers in the market and available in major wireless carriers. Recommendations Based on the conclusion presented above the following actions are recommended for Apples iPhone operation system to compete in such a crowded market: 1. Apples iPhone need to become business partner with major wireless carriers such as T-Mobile, Sprint and Verizon and that is the exact strategy that Google has used with Android to grow so fast . 2. Provide the best overall experience at the lowest monthly cost, lower phone cost and carrier promotions, such as Verizons buy-one-get-one-free offer on Android OS devices.

James Baldwins Fifth Avenue, Uptown Essay -- Nobody Knows My Name, Ja

In his collection of essays in Nobody Knows My Name, James Baldwin uses â€Å"Fifth Avenue, Uptown† to establish the focus that African Americans no matter where they are positioned would be judged just by the color of their skin. Through his effective use of descriptive word choice, writing style and tone, Baldwin helps the reader visualize his position on the subject. He argues that â€Å"Negroes want to be treated like men† (Baldwin, 67). Baldwin gives a vivid sketch of the depressing conditions he grew up on in Fifth Avenue, Uptown by using strong descriptive words. He makes use of such word choices in his beginning sentences when he reflects back to his house which is now replaced by housing projects and â€Å"one of those stunted city trees is snarling where our [his] doorway used to be† (Baldwin...

Psychology of law

Even though psychological region is the primary cause of police-induced false confessions, individuals differ In their ability to withstand interrogation pressure and thus in their susceptibility to making false confessions. All other things being equal, those who are highly suggestible or compliant are more likely to confess falsely. Interrogative suggestibility tends to be heightened by sleep deprivation, fatigue, and drug or alcohol withdrawal. Individuals who are highly compliant tend to be conflict avoidance, acquiescent, and eager to please others, especially authority figures.With these coercive tactics, the police play on these weaknesses and pray on the Individuals. This is a problem even if the individual is in fact guilty but is much more of a problem when the individual is innocent and gives a false confession. Authorities. Researchers and the media have focused a growing awareness of incidences of coerced false confessions, as well as the associated personal and legal im plications involved. The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that assists those wrongfully convicted of crimes, claims that 8% of wrongful convictions are due o forced confessions prompted by police.Consequently, measures have been taken to try and reduce their frequency. There are many aspects in which coercive tactics are problematic but for the sake of this essay I will focus solely on its leading to false confessions. In the past two decades, hundreds of convicted prisoners have been exonerated by DNA and non-DNA evidence, revealing that police-induced false confessions are a leading cause of wrongful conviction of the innocent. Although the prevalence rate is unknown, recent analyses reveal that 20 to 25% of prisoners exonerated by DNA had confessed to police.In the Central Park Jogger case, for example, all five Juveniles falsely confessed after lengthy unrecorded Interrogations In which they were yelled at, lied to, threatened, and promised Immunity In exchange for t heir admissions to participating in the assault and rape. In 15 to 20 percent of the DNA cases, police-induced false confessions were the primary cause of the wrongful conviction. Once detectives misclassifying an innocent person as a guilty suspect, they often subject him to an customarily interrogation. Getting a confession becomes particularlyI OFF profile cases in which there is great pressure on police detectives to solve the crime, there is no other source of potential evidence to be discovered, and typically there is no credible evidence against an innocent but misclassified suspect. It is perhaps not surprising that most documented false confessions occur in homicides and high- profile cases. In these cases the police have the capability of being very coercive, which in turn can cause false confessions. Once the interrogation commences, the primary cause of police-induced false confession is psychologically coercive police ethos.Psychological coercion can be defined in two w ays: police use of interrogation techniques that are regarded as inherently coercive in psychology and law, or police use of interrogation techniques that, cumulatively, cause a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the interrogators' demands. Usually these amount to the same thing. Psychologically coercive interrogation techniques include some examples, such as deprivations (of food, sleep, water, or access to bathroom facilities), incommunicado interrogation, and induction of extreme exhaustion and fatigue.In the modern era, however, these techniques are rare in domestic police interrogations. Instead, when today's police interrogators employ psychologically coercive techniques, they usually consist of (implicit or express) promises of leniency and threats of harsher treatment. As Offset and Leo have written, â€Å"the modern equivalent to the rubber hose is the indirect threat communicated through pragmatic implication†. Threats and promises can take a variety of forms, and they are usually repeated, developed, and elaborated over the ours of the interrogation.Most documented false confessions in recent decades have been directly caused by or have involved promises or threats. Another form of psychological coercion, causing a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the wishes of the interrogator, is not specific to any one technique but may be the cumulative result of the interrogation methods as a whole. If one understands the psychological structure and logic of contemporary interrogation, it is not difficult to see how it can produce this effect.The custodial environment and hysterical confinement are intended to isolate and disembowel the suspect. Interrogation is designed to be stressful and unpleasant, and it is more stressful and unpleasant the more intense it becomes and the longer it lasts. Interrogation techniques are meant to cause the suspect to perceive that his guilt has been established beyon d any conceivable doubt, that no one will believe his claims of innocence, and that by continuing to deny the detectives' accusations he will only make his situation (and the ultimate outcome of the case against him) much worse.The suspect may perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the detectives' wishes, because he is fatigued, worn down, or simply sees no other way to escape an intolerably stressful experience. Some suspects come to believe that the only way they will be able to leave is if they do what the detectives say. Others comply because they are led to believe that it is the only way to avoid a feared outcome (e. G. , homosexual rape in prison). When a suspect perceives that he has no choice but to comply, his resultant compliance and confession are, by definition, involuntary and the product of coercion.

Gen. Daniel Morgan essays

Gen. Daniel Morgan essays Daniel Morgan The Hero Of The New America War are not won by any one soldier, they are won by a group of soldiers that are united under one strong leader. These soldiers fight with the courage and dedication of the man (or women since we are in the 21 century) that leads them into battle, as most are war torn veterans that have seen death many times before. The American Revolution was no different from any other war, except that a new country was fighting for it rights. The problem that the Americans faced was that many of their commanders were inexperienced and many were inadequately trained. Still even with all these hardships certain commanders still stood out. The majority of the commanders, such as George Washington, that made names for themselves during this war however, were ex-British officers. As always there were the exceptions to the rule, the home-grown country farm boys that made a name for themselves in their rise to infamy. One such home-grown hero was General Daniel Morgan, whose shade roots and mysterious p asts led him to be one of the finest field commanders the American army has produced. General Daniel The Old Wagoner Morgans history is a bleak and mysterious one, with only a little known about the early years of his life. Born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey to parents of Welsh decent, Morgan grew up in the life of a farmer, however at age seventeen he left the farm without the knowledge or permission of his parents. His sudden flight from the farm was fueled by a particularly brutal argument he and his father had had. To the time of his death Morgan remained estranged with his family, with little mentioned about his mother and whether or not he ever had any siblings. At this time he moved to Charlestown, Virginia where Morgan aged 17 or 18 could barely read or write. During his early years in Virginia, he became adept at card games, loved to brawl and indulge in a strong drink. Bei...

Movie CharlieS Angels Essays - Gaming, Dylan, Surnames, Nox, Charlie

Movie CharlieS Angels Essays - Gaming, Dylan, Surnames, Nox, Charlie Movie CharlieS Angels Thomas Kim The film, Charlies Angels was a visually motivated movie. This film fit under the genre of action/comedy. The action and camera work moved the story forward while keeping the audience attentive. The primary characters were Dylan, a rebellious tomboy, Natalie, a ditzy encyclopedia, Alex, a no nonsense achiever and Eric Nox, a criminal mastermind. Dylan, Natalie and Alex are the main protagonists who work as detectives for a mysterious figure known as Charlie. Dylans motivation is her yearning to have a father figure, which ultimately leads her to protect her boss, Charlie. Natalie and Alexs motivations are tied to Dylans while Natalie is also searching for love and Alex is trying to open up to her boyfriend. Eric Noxs motivation is to have revenge for the death of his father. Our three heroines, Alex, Dylan and Natalie are highly trained super detectives who are hired to find a missing voice recognition computer program and the programs creator, Eric Nox. The three girls determine through some detective work that their main suspect is Noxs main competitor, Redstar Communications. The three go undercover and plant a link to Redstars main computer network. They soon discover that they have been double crossed by Eric Nox who only used the girls to gain access to Redstars communication satellites which he will use in conjunction with his voice recognition program to locate the elusive Charlie whom he blames for the death of his father. Bosley, the liaison between the girls and Charlie, is kidnapped in order to locate Charlie. The girls must now find Bosley and Eric Nox and prevent Eric from locating Charlie. The girls free Bosley but Eric Nox has already located Charlie and flies to kill him in an attack helicopter. Alex, Dylan and Natalie manage to get aboa rd the helicopter and reprogram the missile, which Eric Nox is planning on using to kill Charlie. The missile instead of destroying Charlie is diverted and kills Eric Nox instead. Charlie is saved and the girls go on vacation. The primary source of conflict is that the girls are pressed for time in locating Eric Nox before he locates Charlie. The need to protect Charlie is the main drive in the girls actions. The characters were exposed through situations which revealed their inner beings. Dylans mother died when she was young and she never had a chance to meet her father. The lack of a father figure creates a need for Dylan to protect the one father figure she has in Charlie. Natalie wants to find a good man who she can love. When she meets a man who understanding and supportive she wants everything to work out. Alex has not been completely honest with her boyfriend and she wants to open up to him. Eric Noxs father was killed while he was serving in the army. He believes that Charlie, who was best friends with Erics father, killed him. Now he wants revenge. I give the movie one and a half thumbs up. The movie was entertaining albeit unrealistic. The action scenes were like eye candy. Through the use of slow motion, stop motion and intricate choreography the fight scenes are reminiscent of the antigravity duels in The Matrix. The witty lines in the script, undoubtedly credited towards scribe, Ed Solomon, helped to alleviate the ridiculousness of the action scenes. Overall the movies main goal is to entertain the eyes with a feast of special effects and chop-socky battles between the characters and the movie delivers with a flash-poppy eye candy film.

To what extent, if at all, is it true to say that Derivatives are Essay

To what extent, if at all, is it true to say that Derivatives are toxic weapons of financial mass destruction - Essay Example In the context of financial market booms and busts, derivatives are often criticized for artificially (yet inevitably) creating these cycles. For this reason, it is not unreasonable to claim that ‘derivatives are toxic instruments of financial mass destruction’, although they have their utility when employed prudently. The role played by derivatives during the 2001 dotcom bubble as well as the more recent 2008 crash of global equity markets is now beyond doubt. The sovereign debt crisis in Greece and Italy are notable examples of the dangers associated with derivatives. Yet, in an atmosphere of deregulation of financial markets, traders and merchants using this controversial financial instrument are given greater incentive to take risk. In other words, the present legal and regulatory climate encourages corporate greed and irresponsible risk-taking, which can only lead to economic crisis. As the case of the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 clearly illustrates, the unrealistic ambition of CEOs of large corporations is facilitated by derivative instruments. For example, Henry Fuld, the Lehman Brothers CEO who took his company to bankruptcy, had earned $350 million as compensation in the three years before the collapse. This figure is comparable to the money earned by Henry Ford, the founder of th e Ford Motor Company in the three years leading up to the Great Depression. The deregulated economic environment of the Coolidge years is quite similar to the right-wing economic policies implemented by the Bush Administration during its 8 year tenure. It seems remarkable that in spite of several episodes of recession in the last sixty years, the legislatures of advanced economies have not been suitably amended to mitigate future recessions and stock market collapses. To be fair to derivatives, they can perform some useful economic functions. Due to augmented activities by derivative

Should base level funding for critical infrastructure protection Research Paper

Should base level funding for critical infrastructure protection against foreign terrorists organizations include domestic (internal) threats - Research Paper Example ously increased their capacities in terms of sophistication and potential damage, there is need to take necessary steps to guard key infrastructures both private- and publicly owned against these developments. In order to effectively tackle cases of terroristic attacks against CI, base level funding for protection against foreign terrorist organizations should include domestic or internal threats. Indeed in today’s modern world, without critical infrastructure a society cannot function optimally. In fact, it is only in times of peace and relative security that critical infrastructures are characteristically, for granted taken. It must however be appreciated that when one critical infrastructure is annihilated, the entire nation somehow feels the effects of the loss (ITAC, 2006). In some cases, the loss may be as great in magnitude as to affect one or more countries significantly. Owing to their significance, critical infrastructures are always naturally become vulnerable targets for terrorists – foreign or those that exist within the nation’s borders (ITAC, 2006). It is in appreciation of this fact that the government in conjunction with its citizens and other stakeholders must always ensure that these infrastructures remain secure and function properly. In the US, currently, there is no clear policy as to how base level funding should be used. This therefore means that in cases of need, funding meant for foreign terrorist protection could be used to solve issues related to domestic threats. While terrorist gangs have often resorted to using bombs and other violent methods, it must be appreciated that they are likely to change tactics soon or later. Instead of engaging in physical combat, terrorists may opt to target information systems and other cyber assets in an unprecedented way. This could of course have a devastating effect since most of the country’s critical infrastructure is run or controlled by computers which in most cases are networked (ITAC,

MGMT 670 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGMT 670 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The acquisition of Salomon in the year 1998 was done with an aim, so that Adidas could get a market of the diversified type of sporting goods that were manufactured by Salomon. The restructuring of sporting goods of the Adidas Company was further done with the acquisition of the Reebok Company in 2006 by which, the company felt that it would get wider market coverage, since Reebok was specializing in the areas of the athletic footwear, golf equipments as well as the footwear and apparel markets. (Reuters) Adidas felt that by such a kind of restructuring process done by means of acquisition, the company could make a huge impact in its business, since it would be able to get the market shares, which are enjoyed by the companies that were acquired. This would in turn help the company to face the threat of cutthroat competition from Nike and at the same time would increase its sales and help it to regain the top spot in the sporting goods business. This was the main idea behind the acqui sitions and the Adidas management thought this to be the fitting reply to Nike. The corporate strategy of Adidas can be truly rated as a good one, since the European company had to get the market share of US which it had lost to its rival Nike. ... (Reuters) The Acquisition of Salomon and its products Adidas acquired Salomon in the year 1998 since the company was manufacturing a variety of sports goods products. This acquisition was done to make Adidas to overcome Nike and become the number one sports goods manufacturing company. But once the acquisition was underway the industry dealing with the winter sports was showing a decline, since it was becoming less attractive among individuals and this could really affect the prospects of Adidas. After the acquisition it was seen that, there were some difficulties that cropped up in integrating both the companies. It was only after a span of about five years from acquisition that, Adidas started to regain its share value in the sports market. The Salomon business unit also contributed only very less to the total operating profits of Adidas and this was a further blow to the company, since it had expected a very good operating profit. As a result the overall financial performance of A didas did not show any sort of improvement even after the acquisition. The golf division of the Taylor made Adidas products also struggled a lot to make profits initially ever since the acquisition. As a result of this Adidas divested almost all of its winter sports brands to the Amer sports corporation in the year 2005. (Mike) The Acquisition of Reebok and its products In the year 2006 Adidas acquired the Reebok Company with an idea to make its presence felt in the athletic footwear and apparel as well as the golf market. The Reebok international company already was involved in the designing as well as the sales of the apparels, footwear as well as hockey equipments for Greg Norman, Rockport and CCM respectively. Thus through

Religion & society Essay Example for Free

Religion society Essay Religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centred upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality. The functionalist, such as Emile Durkhiem sociological perspective about the role of religion in society is that; Religion is exceptionally important because it has a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships. They also believe religion maintains social solidarity and value consensus amongst societys population and this helps maintain the well-being of society. Many feminist sociologist such as Armstrong, argue that religious institutions and beliefs help legitimise gender inequality. Like Marxist, feminist argue that religion is a product of patriarchy rather than capitalism. However, religion can maintain mechanism as it maintains the exiting system of exploitation, and reinforces class relationships and inequalities; Religion also diverts peoples attention away from the real sources of oppression the ruling class, creating a false class conscience. This social control is also achieved because the ruling class adopts traditional religious beliefs and these believes legitimate and justifies, theyre social positions e. g. monarchs, ordained by god in modern society. My aim is to find out how important is religion to people in todays society. This is because religion affects different societies in different ways and different forms, causing the forms of society to change. Religion can be a driving force in society, but as a reactionary rather than a radical way. So I am going to find out how different people from different cultures react to religion under different circumstances.

New Sports Stadiums and Taxpayer Abuse :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

There seems to be a domino effect through out the U.S., new stadiums are being built, teams are demanding that their city build them a new stadium to play in but it is not necessary to build these stadiums. The most obvious change in new stadiums is coming from baseball. In the last 10-15 years many new baseball stadiums have been built, but who is paying for these stadiums? The teams and the owners that are demanding the stadiums, or the taxpayers? The answer is that taxpayers are picking up a huge amount of the cost to build a new stadium. Before the Depression stadiums were built by using private funds, some of these stadiums include: Wrigley Field, Tiger Stadium, Yankee Stadium, and Fenway Park ("Sports Pork", 3). All of these parks are very memorable for lots of reasons, mostly the players that played and or play there. Why when these stadiums were built were they a fraction of the cost that it is to build a stadium today? In the 1980's America was spending about 1.5 billion on new stadiums; in the 1990's it spent 11 billion ("Walls Come", 2). Furthermore, in 1967 the cost to build the Kingdome was 67 million, in 1999 the cost to build Safeco Field was 517.6 million. On top of the cost difference, not only was the Kingdome multi purpose but also it held more people. The capacity of the Kingdome for baseball seating was 59,166; the seating at the new Safeco Field is 46,621. Although the Kingdome was starting to fall apart, it was decades away from its useful life ("Walls Come", 2). In fact, in 1994 tiles fell from th e ceiling and the cost to fix was 70 million, which was done. It is possible that one could argue that Seattle was in need of a new stadium. To build a stadium and have an estimated price is one thing, but having tons of extras added on that are going to have the cost overrun by 100 million dollars is a little ridiculous. Many other cities are also either building new stadiums or contemplating it, 46 major league stadiums and arenas have been built or renovated for teams and 49 more are under construction or in the planning stages ("Debating", 1). Of the 10 highest valued Major League Baseball teams, 6 moved into new stadiums in the 1990's.

The Neurologist :: Neurology Brain Medical Essays

The Neurologist Language is a vital part of both verbal and non-verbal communication. Each of us uses language everyday in a variety of ways. When our language skills are in jeopardy, it can affect our entire lives. The consequences of a loss of language can be more restricting then that of loss of sight or hearing. Communication is a matter of survival and independence, without it ones life will change drastically. There is almost complete agreement that there are four main language areas in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people. Two of these areas are considered receptive while the other two carry out the actual task. These two receptive areas take on very different tasks, one involving the perception of written language and the other of spoken language. The area that helps to regulate written language is located in the angular gyrus, while the other occupies the Heschl’s gyri. Although language and speech are usually considered synonymous functions, this is not the case in all aspects of their roles. Unlike an impairment of speech, language impairment always occurs due to an abnormality of the cerebral hemisphere. Speech on the other hand may be effected by the same sort of abnormality but it also can be effected by damage to other parts of the brain. Loss of communication and language can be a result of damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. The type of language loss is dependent of what specific area of the temporal lobe has been damaged. Possible types of damage to the brain can be a lesion or a tumor. It is the job of the neurologist to locate the area of damage and to assess the level of impairment. Neurologist use a variety of test to asses the possible damage to the brain or spinal cord including CAT scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and a wide variety of functional, skill assessments. One of the most popular verbal memory assessments used in the field is the Wechsler Memory Scale, the most recently revised version has been a useful tool for neurologist to determine severity and location of the temporal damage. One of the first signs of a lesion to the temporal lobe is The Neurologist :: Neurology Brain Medical Essays The Neurologist Language is a vital part of both verbal and non-verbal communication. Each of us uses language everyday in a variety of ways. When our language skills are in jeopardy, it can affect our entire lives. The consequences of a loss of language can be more restricting then that of loss of sight or hearing. Communication is a matter of survival and independence, without it ones life will change drastically. There is almost complete agreement that there are four main language areas in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people. Two of these areas are considered receptive while the other two carry out the actual task. These two receptive areas take on very different tasks, one involving the perception of written language and the other of spoken language. The area that helps to regulate written language is located in the angular gyrus, while the other occupies the Heschl’s gyri. Although language and speech are usually considered synonymous functions, this is not the case in all aspects of their roles. Unlike an impairment of speech, language impairment always occurs due to an abnormality of the cerebral hemisphere. Speech on the other hand may be effected by the same sort of abnormality but it also can be effected by damage to other parts of the brain. Loss of communication and language can be a result of damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. The type of language loss is dependent of what specific area of the temporal lobe has been damaged. Possible types of damage to the brain can be a lesion or a tumor. It is the job of the neurologist to locate the area of damage and to assess the level of impairment. Neurologist use a variety of test to asses the possible damage to the brain or spinal cord including CAT scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and a wide variety of functional, skill assessments. One of the most popular verbal memory assessments used in the field is the Wechsler Memory Scale, the most recently revised version has been a useful tool for neurologist to determine severity and location of the temporal damage. One of the first signs of a lesion to the temporal lobe is

Performance Management & Reward System

Performance Management â€Å"How I get my people to do what I want them to do, in the way I want them to do it! † Performance management (PM): Organisations that take performance management seriously, manage a range of different but inter-related topics: †¢Mission †¢Vision †¢Strategy †¢Business plans †¢Values (how people should and should not behave) †¢Culture in which improving performance is valued and developed †¢Monitoring of performance – at individual, unit and Team levels †¢Feedback of that monitoring to staff †¢Clear goals †¢A set of competencies Appraisal discussions †¢Personal development (training, coaching, reading, sittings etc) †¢Management development †¢Good job design †¢Team working (interaction and mutual responsibility) †¢Extrinsic reward and recognition (basic pay, performance pay, awards, saying ‘well done’)†¢Intrinsic rewards (the satisfaction from doing a w orthwhile job reasonably well) †¢Effective remedies for under performers. Performance management levels: †¢Organisation †¢Department †¢Unit †¢Team †¢Individual Data collection for PM: Data is collected at four levels: Inputs: Staff time, budget, data, consumables, energy, and equipment †¢Processes: Support, sales, teaching, research, paperwork, IT, purchasing etc. †¢Outputs: Customers served, bills paid, items sold, students helped, degrees awarded, research written up †¢Outcomes: Profit in a commercial enterprise or service delivery in a service organisation (usually assessed through customer satisfaction).Rules for monitoring performance: (a) Objective: †¢Introduce monitoring as one part of a bigger drive to improve customer experience. (b) Positive: †¢Seek information to improve the customer experience and not to blame people. c) Involvement: †¢Involve responsible people to work on the monitoring, as a part of their driv e to improve the customer experience. †¢If you choose items to monitor and impose those, staff will probably be de-motivated and performance will drop. †¢Treat your staff as professional, responsible and motivated (d) Outcomes: †¢Measure outcomes in preference to outputs. (Governments are obsessed with outputs – numbers of patients treated, lengths of waiting lists, numbers of students receiving degrees, numbers of children who can read and write etc). (e)Tough: Challenge those who like the fuzziness of not knowing how they are doing. (f) Choosy: †¢Pick only the most important factors to monitor as too many measures will be Counterproductive. (g) Numbers: †¢Measure performance numerically, by getting the customer to grade them on a scale 0 to 5. (h) Benchmark: †¢Use the results as your baseline or benchmark, from where you can improve. (i) Communicate: †¢Make sure the targets are known, understood and accepted. (j) Reliable Use reliable sour ces of data. HIGH PERFORMANCE WORKING High performance working (HPW): The four elements of HPW are: )Employee autonomy and involvement in decision making †¢Develop flexibility of skills †¢Team working to give variety and responsibility. 2)Support for employee performance †¢Appropriate selection and recruitment processes (finding staff at all levels who will support a high performance culture) †¢Comprehensive induction programmes †¢Sophisticated and wide training†¢Integrated and wide ranging performance management †¢Emphasis upon work-life balance. 3)Rewards for performance †¢Offer a career not just a job †¢Harmonised terms and conditions †¢Pay that is competitive with other employers Rewards linked to individual and team performance 4)Learning †¢Plenty of effective communication †¢Quality improvement teams †¢Lean systems (this can be expanded upon at the workshop) †¢Spending on training. Details will vary from org anisation to organisation. Why HPW: Because if you are not driving up performance: †¢Staff motivation will be lost †¢Quality, quantity and innovation will decline †¢Pressure to reduce your prices will grow or †¢Customers may simply stop buying your goods or services altogether or †¢Competitors may take your work. What does this mean in practice?Employee autonomy and involvement †¢Develop flexibility of skills †¢Team working to give variety and responsibility Support for employee performance †¢Appropriate selection and recruitment processes (finding staff at all levels who will support a high performance culture) †¢Comprehensive induction programmes †¢Sophisticated and wide training †¢Integrated and wide ranging performance management †¢Emphasis upon work-life balance Rewards for performance †¢Offer a career not just a job †¢Harmonised terms and conditions †¢Pay that is competitive with other employers Rewards linked to individual and team performance. Learning †¢Plenty of effective communication †¢Quality improvement teams †¢Lean systems (this can be expanded upon at the workshop) †¢Spending on training. According to 2004 research, by the Engineering Employers’ Federation and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, effects of HPW are: †¢About 20% of increases in productivity and profit in manufacturing †¢Increased job satisfaction and commitment: quality, quantity and innovation †¢Employees more likely to say ‘a great place to work’ †¢Increased earnings potential for employeesImplementing high performance working Things that may need to be addressed are: †¢Getting top management’s commitment, particularly to resource, to communicate and to demonstrate the required behaviours. †¢Getting the resources HPW needs (both financial and risk taking e. g. new reward structures). †¢Carrying out team and in dividual appraisals that make a real difference. †¢Seeking and rewarding discretionary behaviour (Ability x Motivation x Opportunity = AMO). †¢Allowing employees to re-design jobs to maximise interest and challenge. †¢Changing existing strong cultures Increasing levels of trust between management and employees. †¢Getting staff to be understand about organisational performance †¢Involving employees in design and implementation of HPW. †¢Integrating initiatives, so they reinforce each other, therefore: ? Implementation is in bundles ?Staff understand it and show commitment ?Other organisations are used as benchmarks ?Continuous improvement is developed. THE CONTRASTING OBJECTIVES OF THE EMPLOYER AND THE EMPLOYEE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe employer wants as much productivity for as little cost as possible, whilst the employee wants as much money for as little effort as possible. †¢Life is more complex than this, but this is a useful start! This is the left win g pluralist approach. †¢The right wing unitarist approach is ‘Prosperous employers make prosperous employees. ’ What is the employer trying to get out of the employee?Principally, an employer wants three things from employees: †¢Quantity (productivity) †¢Quality (producing good work with low wastage) †¢Innovation (finding new and better ways to get the work done). But there are also management issues: †¢Cost †¢Control (of cost and of the employees) What do the elements of good performance look like? We now talk about ‘discretionary behaviour’ i. e. the voluntary effort people put in, over and above the bare minimum, below which they will get into trouble. †¢Employers seek discretionary behaviour and good organisations will establish performance management processes to generate it. It is normally expressed as: Discretionary behaviour = ability x motivation x opportunity †¢If the value of any component on the right is z ero there will be zero discretionary behaviour.†¢Ability is the assumption that people want to apply for jobs, have their attributes recognised and are willing to learn new skills. Motivation assumes that people can be motivated to use their ability in a productive manner. †¢Opportunity assumes people will perform well, engage in high-quality work and participate in wider activities, such as team initiatives or problem solving, if they are given the opportunity to do so. What are the employees’ objectives? This will vary from person to person. Work published by Guest and Conway (2001) on the psychological contract suggested the most common were: †¢A reasonably secure job †¢Fair pay for the work done†¢A career †¢Interesting work †¢Fair treatment by managers †¢Equality of treatment To be kept informed about changes affecting them †¢Involved and consulted about changes affecting them REWARD AND MOTIVATION †¢Motivation is concerne d with WHY people do or refrain from doing things. †¢A motive† is a need or a driving force within a person. The process of motivation involves choosing between alternative forms of action in order to achieve some desired end or goal. †¢As the following formula shows, goals can be tangible – such as higher earnings – or intangible – such as personal reputation or prestige. Motivation at work: We can divide motivation at work into internal and external motivation. a) Internal motivation†¢This is related to the work, where there is a close identity between the task itself and the human needs, e. g. where a cabinet-maker or motor-fitter derives satisfaction from a job well done. (b) External motivation †¢This is independent of the task i. e. the task is merely a means to an end; for instance, when a person works on an assembly line to get high wages. †¢Clashes of interest are resolved in the traditional manner by offering financial in centives and/or threatening the loss of employment – providing external motivation. This traditional â€Å"carrot and stick† idea still lingers – the carrot often being money and the stick, fear. Money: The â€Å"great motivator†. It is a fact that most people go to work because they get paid to do so. However, this basic need for money will only make a worker turn up and do the acceptable minimum. There are a range of other â€Å"carrots† – or positive incentives – offered as an incentive to work, or to particular types of performance, including welfare amenities, holidays, etc. Fear: The â€Å"big stick† theory is rather outdated now, but it is still occasionally appropriate to motivate people through fearIntrinsic and extrinsic motivators: †¢Intrinsic reinforcements of behaviour, which are â€Å"inside the individual† reward feelings, like finding work interesting, feeling appreciated, etc †¢Extrinsic reinfo rcements of behaviour, which are the outside influences and rewards such as money, extra holidays, company car, etc; Problems in work role: (a) Alienation: †¢Psychologists use this term to refer to the feelings of an individual when they are estranged from their situation at work. E. g. the salesperson forced to sell goods in which they have little belief or confidence. b) Anomie: (lack of the usual social or ethical standards) †¢The causes of anomie are to be found in the confusion that arises in large organisations. The individual may be faced with pressures and problems at work that they do not fully understand. (c) Status: †¢Social status refers to the amount of respect paid to an individual. A work role can confer prestige upon a person.Status may be perceived through the possession of symbols, e. g. salary, title of job, work surroundings, dress, company car, etc. †¢Many modern theorists are becoming convinced of the value of the Japanese approach of reduci ng status differences, e. g. veryone to wear the firm’s uniform; single canteen; parking and toilet facilities for all staff, etc. (d) Stress: †¢Psychologists define stress as strain experienced by an individual over a period of time, which impairs the ability of the individual to perform their role. †¢Stress can produce physical or mental symptoms and can be generated by pressures and problems in the work situation. Managers view of motivation: F W Taylor was an early proponent of the dictum that workers should share the same goals as those of the organisation, and the way to achieve this was through the application of scientific management principles.The basis of this approach lay in the following principles. †¢Planning †¢Time and motion study †¢Incentives †¢Working conditions †¢Training The essence of the practical application of the scientific approach is to try to reconcile the needs of the organisation and the needs of the individual. Individual and Organisational Needs: Factors that improve an employee’s level of job satisfaction are: †¢Responsibility †¢Challenge †¢Self-improvement and personal growth †¢Recognition †¢Sense of achievement NEED THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:Hierarchy of Needs D C McClelland’s theory: D C McClelland is another theorist who, from the early 1960s, was concerned with the analysis of human needs. He concentrated on three key needs: i)Need for affiliation: The need of human beings for friendship and meaningful relationships. ii)Need for power: Some people seek power in their work situations; they wish to make a strong impression on people and events. iii) Need to achieve: To many people, the sense of â€Å"getting on†, progressing or being promoted, is very important. Frederick Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory: Frederick Herzberg, writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, identified two distinct sets of needs in individuals working in organisations: the need to avoid pain and discomfort and the need to develop psychologically as a person.Herzberg proposes several ways in which a higher level of motivation might be promoted: †¢Good quality training: the more a person can do, the more that person can be motivated. †¢Focus on quality of communications, rather than quantity: communication should be direct whenever possible. †¢Job rotation: improving the variety of tasks and responsibilities. †¢Job enlargement: making a person capable of more. Job enrichment: creating meaningful, interesting work. Herzberg believes that it is difficult or impossible to achieve if the job is basically dull, repetitive or uninteresting Douglas McGregor developed a typology of two opposed views about employee behaviour, related to Maslow’s categories of need and considered their implications for management and motivation.The two views are known as Theory X and Theory Y. (a)Theory X â⠂¬ ¢This traditional approach of management, which accepts the worker as a lazy, grasping individual, who must be bribed or coerced into working, McGregor called Theory X. It rests on the following assumptions: The average human being dislikes work. †¢The average human being will avoid work whenever possible. †¢Not only is the average employee lazy but they also lack ambition and do not wish to take on responsibilities. †¢Because of the above characteristics, employees must be strictly controlled and directed. †¢Control of employees must be backed by coercion and threats, if the objectives of the organisation are to be achieved. †¢The average person prefers to be directed and not to have to think deeply for themselves in the work situation. (b)Theory Y McGregor then put forward the set of assumptions that modern managers should act upon.He calls this Theory Y. †¢The physical and mental effort people put into work is a natural human response; it is simil ar to the effort individuals make in games and sport. Hence, work can be enjoyable. †¢Employees do not have to be controlled or threatened; they have reserves of self control and self-motivation †¢Given the opportunities and training, employees will not only take, but also desire and seek, responsibilities. †¢Employees have reservoirs of imagination, creativity and ingenuity and given the right environment and encouragement, they will use these to help solve problems in the work situation. In some modern organisations the potential of employees is not fully utilised; not only is a waste of resources, but it also causes frustration among the workforce. Hence, when workers do not co-operate to achieve organisational goals, the fault may lie in the structure of the organisation rather than in the workers. Ouchi’s Theory Z †¢William Ouchi agreed with the basic ideas put forward by McGregor’s Theory Y and related these to certain of the ideas he detected in Japanese organisations. †¢Ouchi’s theory argues that participation is a crucial motivator.Employees will be motivated to higher levels of performance if they are involved in meaningful participation in decision making in their organisation. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Difference between a content theory and a process theory: †¢Content or need theories suggest that there are universal needs that all humans have for example security, socialisation, self respect etc. †¢Process theories do not look at the content of the motivational package but at the mental processes that we go through when faced with a situation. Process theories Expectancy Theory:Expectancy Theory is a cognitively based motivational theory, put forward by Victor Vroom. According to this theory the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to us. Attrac tiveness †¢This is the importance we place on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. This will consider the unsatisfied needs of the individual. Performance-reward linkage †¢This is the degree to which we believe that performing at a particular level will lead to a desired outcome.Effort-performance linkage †¢The probability that we perceive that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. The theory can be expressed by the formula: †¢Motivational force (F) = Valency (V) ? Expectancy (E) †¢Valency is the value of the outcome to the person; expectancy is the perceived likelihood of the outcome. Porter and Lawler †¢Porter and Lawler developed expectancy theory in the 1970s. They suggest that the amount of effort (motivation and energy exerted) put into work depends on: †¢The eventual reward †¢The amount of effort necessary to achieve that reward †¢How probable it is that the reward will be forthcomi ng.Attribution theory Kelley’s attribution theory examines the way in which people explain success or failure and the impact on subsequent motivations. Four variables are frequently used: †¢Ability †¢Effort †¢Task difficulty †¢Luck Handy’s motivational calculus Handy looks at motivation as though when a person takes a decision, they give attention to three sets of factors: (a) The individual’s personal needs (b) The desired outcome or results (c)The E factors: Effort, Energy, Excitement in attaining the desired outcome, Enthusiasm, Emotion, Expenditure. The motivation decision will depend on: i) The strength of the person’s needs. (ii) The expectation that by contributing one of the Es, the individual will achieve one of the desired results. (iii) The extent to which the result will contribute to satisfying the person’s needs. Connection with the psychological contract A psychological contract is the perceived relationship betwe en the individual and the organisation and involves the various factors that bind the individual to the enterprise. Three examples of psychological contracts are: †¢A coercive psychological contract exists when a person works because they are forced to do so.They may be tied into the job because the salary and fringe benefits prevent them from moving elsewhere. †¢A remunerative psychological contract exists when a person works for the money. The person may tolerate the job to attain the lifestyle it provides. This differs from the coercive contract as the remunerative contract may bind the person in the short term, only to be severed if a better deal is available elsewhere. †¢A collaborative psychological contract is one in which the worker is bound to the organisation by a belief that personal objectives can best be attained by enabling the organisation to fulfil its objectives.From an employer’s point of view, this is more likely to result in having a highly motivated workforce. The person’s desire to achieve can facilitate the company’s performance objectives. EXCELLENCE THEORY AND MOTIVATION †¢Excellence theories originate in the works of writers in the early 1980s, principally based on the work of Tom Peters and Robert Waterman. †¢The nature of these ideas is essentially one of observing successes and failures in actual business scenarios and attempting to draw universal lessons that can then be applied elsewhere. †¢Peters and Waterman did not set out to rite specifically on motivation, but their work comments much on the ability of successful companies to get a high level of commitment from their workers.Among their conclusions were: †¢Original ideas and ingenuity are grossly under-utilised. Drucker’s idea of the â€Å"entrepreneur† (the original thinker and innovator) was extended to suggest that if such persons are employed, their gifts should be harnessed for the benefit of the orga nisation. †¢To motivate workers, it is necessary to get close to the workers and understand the issues affecting them as well as their drives and motivations. They believe that workers respond more positively when they feel more in control of their destiny. †¢In one control group experiment, two teams were given the task of proofreading some text material against a noisy background of a tape containing foreign speech, loud music and other distractions. One group had a button to cut off the noise whilst the other did not. †¢The group with the button made far less errors than the other group. It was found, however, that no one had pressed the button!The fact that the workers felt in control made them work more effectively. Peters and Waterman record a direct application of this in a Ford Motor Company plant whereby any worker could (temporarily) stop the assembly line. This had stunning results in terms of increased productivity and reduced defect rates. PERFORMANCE BAS ED REWARDING IN NOKIA Nokia provides employees with market competitive rewards through a flexible global structure, which can address diverse and changing business and employment environments, as well as specific individual preferences.Our Total Compensation Package is tailored for each country and typically consists of elements such as annual base salary, incentives, bonuses, possible stock options or performance shares, flexible Work-Life balance solutions, and other local benefits. Nokia rewards employees for good performance, competence development, and for overall company success. This creates a positive and encouraging environment with opportunities for employees to optimize their potential and be rewarded fairly. Higher erformance and contribution will lead to higher rewards. The Nokia global market competitive rewards structure addresses the need for flexibility, personalization, empowerment and commitment. The basic salary is set to meet market conditions, the demands of th e job and individual competence and performance. The variable part may consist of incentives or bonuses and other compensation, such as overtime pay and call-out pay. Bonus System Employees should have the opportunity to share in the success of Nokia.Short-term incentive programs such as individual, team, project/program incentives and the Nokia Connecting People Bonus allow Nokia to offer immediate rewards for employee and team achievements. The Stock Option Plan is a long-term reward that may allow employees to share in sustained company success. Eligibility for an incentive, bonus or stock option plans is defined by the content and nature of each individual's job. Local Benefits Additional local rewards and benefits are also developed to complement the global programs and to ensure that the local market conditions are met.Annual Reviews Nokia has implemented a global process, where the change in the pay level for each employee is based on the results of the annual performance rev iew. Health Nokia cares for its employees right throughout the cycle of their working life: from induction and training, through development and advancement, and on to retirement. Nokia's Work-Life balance solutions mean that health benefits and possible local retirement benefits are tailored to individual needs according to factors such as tenure, contribution, performance, roles and responsibilities.The environment in which we do business is evolving continuously. To succeed, we must have the passion and courage to look for new ideas beyond existing products, services and ways of working. Only with truly innovative ideas will we be able to define the future development of our industry and profoundly shape the way in which people understand and use our products and services in their everyday lives. Rewarding performance Nokia rewards employees competitively through a global reward framework designed to recognize individual contribution and achievement.Levels of compensation are det ermined by local labour markets and take into account both individual and company performance. Their reward programs – including bonuses – recognize performance based on individual, team and company results. We introduced changes to their incentive plans in 2007 to make the plans simpler, more consistent and able to deliver equal or higher payouts if target performance or above is achieved. A wide number of employees are eligible to join their equity programs, based on rewarding performance and retaining top employees.Their broad-based equity compensation programs include stock options and performance shares. Both are linked to the company’s performance over a number of years. We communicate with employees about the effect of business results on their incentives after each quarterly announcement, through articles and video messages on our intranet news channel, the News Hub. We also communicate through quarterly letters, blogs, webcasts and face-to-face meetings . In addition, information is available on the Know Your Business section of our intranet.