Health Care Reforms Key Issues, Benefits, Challenges - 1375 Words

Health Care Reforms: Key Issues, Benefits, Challenges (Essay Sample) Content: Students Name:Professors Name:Course:Date:Health Care ReformsHealth is a sensitive issue that affects every living individual and as such, requires a lot of attention with regards to the way individuals live. Regretfully, in situations where the health status of an individual requires special attention and treatment, such individuals often find it difficult to keep up with the raging costs of healthcare services. To help better prepare for the unforeseen future, insurance companies have introduced insurance plans whose purpose is to cover the insurance policy holders against health related issues. However, despite this noble gesture, these companies result into deceiving their clients by offering costly covers. To alleviate this menace, state and federal governments have been forced to intervene and introduce better health care plans that are cost friendly and reliable to all their citizens. An example of such a plan is the ObamaCare plan. It is an affordable health c are plan for all American citizens signed into law by President Obama on March 23rd, 2010 ("Health Reform"). The law takes into account comprehensive health reforms, under the Patients Bill of Rights, and seeks to improve health care provision by ensuring that consumers are protected against exploitation from insurance providers. Key IssuesThe Plan was scheduled to take a period of four years since its signing to be fully implemented. The first phase was the introduction of a Patients Bill of Rights meant to protect consumers against exploitation from insurance companies. The Act would ensure that in the following year, all Medicare holders got free preventive services and a discounted amount of 50 percent on drugs that are covered by the plans. In the next two years, all health care organizations and entities would work together towards ensuring that all Americans have access to better and affordable health care.The Care Act is made up of the Affordable Health Care for Americans, t he Patient Protection Act, the Health Care and Reconciliation Act, and the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act. The Affordable Health Care Act legislation contains prohibitions for all insurance companies, tax regulations, and all rights and benefits that an insurance policy holder is entitled to. The Patient Protection Act contains all the rights, protections and benefits that patients are entitled to. Additionally, contained in the Act are a list of rules and regulations that govern insurance companies and employers, and a pool of information with regards to state insurance rates.The HealthCare and Education Reconciliation Act was signed into law in the same year as the Affordable HealthCare Act and the Patients Protection Act. In it were several reforms aimed at addressing the issue of health care amongst the low income earners and the high income earners. The Act incorporates Student loans reforms that target to alleviate the problem that American students face when access ing and repaying their loans. It allows students to stay covered by their parents plans until the age of 26 years ("Key Features of the Affordable Care Act").Benefits The HealthCare plan provides consumers with stronger protections and rights, more affordable insurance plans, stronger Medicare and improved accessibility to health care services. By reducing insurance premiums, the plan offers more people the ability to purchase insurance policies which in the long run reduces the number of deaths recorded annually due to poor and costly health care plans offered by private entities. Equally, the Act provides Americans with a broad choice of plans from which they can choose from depending on their abilities and requirements. Furthermore, the plan ensures that the government keeps its budget under check by cutting down on expenditure, especially with regards to health care provision ("Health Care That Works for Americans").ChallengesDespite the fact that the plan offers Americans affor dable and reliable health care, more and more Americans are continuously growing worried on a possible increase in insurance premiums which would likely affect the ObamaCare plan. According to sources, premiums have always increased over the years but the latter is more likely to change in future due to the ObamaCare factor. For instance, it is reported that several insurance companies have issued premium request to their various states and even though the information is unavailable to the public, two states, namely; Oregon and Virginia, have already been reported to have made the information public ("Health Reform"). According to the head of Americas Health Insurance Plans, Mrs. Marilyn Tavenner, insurance companies are likely to raise their premiums in future to cover up for the losses made on ObamaCare plans.The expiry of a $20 billion grant provided by the American government to the insurance companies to help cover costs of consumers with high medical expenses is likely to affe ct the ObamaCare plan. With an expiry of such a huge grant, the insurers are likely to hike premiums to meet those needs. Additionally, being a country of many states, prices are likely to vary from state to state and consequently from insurer to insurer. Hence, since the ObamaCare relies on unified rules and regulations, deviation by insurers to adjust their premiums to comply with their state or county, will negatively impact the running and dispensation of the plan. Organizations are likely to face the problem of lack of freedom of choice. With the health care reforms in place, the government has more control over the peoples decisions whether or not to have insurance covers. This will create a situation where insurance companies will have no say in determining rates which will eventually lead to increased premiums.Hence, health care reform is arguably bad for organizations for the following reasons;Increased tax rates. In an effort to provide affordable health care to all its c itizens, the American government finds itself running into deep debt. To reduce this deficit, the government may result into tax increments to gather more funds. Organizations will suffer the consequence of having to comply with these tax demands while at the same time struggling to offer cheap insurance policies to consumers.No control over rates. Insurance companies have little or no say on the insurance rates and as such, are unable to control health premiums which are on the rise. To continue existing, these organizations will be forced to come up with outstanding policies that would guarantee them survival in the marketplace.More spending for employers. The ObamaCare Act compels employers into covering majority of health expenses for their workers. This has made them to dig deeper into their pockets to meet these demands.Organizational sizeUnder the Employer Shared Responsibility Provision Act, the health reforms affect organizations differently depending on size and industry. The latter is aimed at reducing health care costs for employees and ensuring that responsibilities are shared amongst employers, the states, and consumers. For instance, the employer mandate legislation required that companies with 100 or more full-time employees insured at least 95 percent of these workers by the end of 2016. Small sized companies with workers ranging from between 50 to 100 were required to begin insuring their workers in the year 2016. The same does not however apply to organizations with less than 50 employees. Hence, in a case where a company A employs fewer than 25 employees, the employer will not be compelled by the Affordable Care Act to insure its workers but rather will qualify for employer tax credits through the ObamaCare plan. This would enable the employer to provide some coverage to its full-time employees. For a company B with 1000 employees, the case is different as the law required that by the year 2016, at least 95 percent of its workers ought to h ave been covered. As such, 1000 employees would require more remittances from the company as compared to a company with less than 50 employees. Similarly, a company C which employs o...

Four Ways to Quiet People

The Alien Land Law ( 1913 ) - 893 Words

The Alien Land Law (1913), alternatively known as the California Alien Land Law and the Webb-Haney Bill, was legislation passed by Governor Hiram Johnson (1866-1945, Gov. 1911-1917) which directed that Foreign Aliens and immigrants were ineligible for citizenship and by extension restricted from leasing and owning land. While not explicitly discriminatory towards a particular group, the intention and focus of the law was directed at Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States who faced increasingly anti-Asian sentiment in most western American states. While ultimately Japanese-American persons utilized a range of legal means to circumvent the land lease and ownership stipulations in the Alien Land Law of 1913, subsequent state legislation was eventually enacted to further restrict the rights of Asian immigrants. Reflective of anti-immigrant and anti-Asian public sentiment expressed in discriminatory state laws of the period and indicative of the general treatment of Japanes e-Americans throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Though the California Alien Land Law was eventually found unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court (1948, 1952), it nonetheless had a lasting impact upon Japanese-American s in limiting the economic and social opportunities available to them in the United States. California s Alien Land Law, passed on May 19 1913 legislated that aliens, for foreign citizens and immigrants were ineligible for citizenship. By extension,Show MoreRelatedNative Immigrants And The United States957 Words   |  4 Pagesboost. On the other hand the Japanese where treated unfairly and restricted by 1913 Alien Land Act. â€Å"Opposition to Japanese immigration led to Alien Land Laws that barred Japanese immigrants from buying or leasing farmland. Although there is general agreement that the 1913 California Alien Land Law†( SUZUKI Pg125). There was really so much tension the government was trying to so much to force the Japanese out. In this law that was passed though there was loopholes which later on where brought to anRead MoreThe Japanese American Citizens League965 Words   |  4 Pagesrising anti-immigrant public sentiment of the period. Thus increasingly experiencing the racism of the American public as well as the institutionalized segregation legislated in bills such as the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), Alien Land Laws (California Alien Land Law 1913), and Immigration Act (1924) the Japanese-American community sought to organize as a means to assert their national loyalty and defend their rights as citizens in the political and legal forums of states such as California, OregonRead MoreEssay on Concentration Camps for Japanese Americans752 Words   |  4 Pagesplayed with friends. The life for the Japanese has never been easy. In the year of 1913, California passed a law known as the Alien Land Law which banned â€Å"aliens could not receive citizenship† from owning a property but it allo wed 3 year leases. These â€Å"aliens† were a reference to the Japanese and all Asian immigrants. In 1920, the extended the law and made it so they couldn’t even lease land. 5 years later this law passed in 12 more states. In 1922, the court case Ozawa vs. U.S. had the Supreme CourtRead MoreStrawberry Fields by Miriam Wells1172 Words   |  5 Pageshow things are structured in the fields in order to make a profit based on capitalism. Wells’ argument of capitalism being an unjust system due to politics affecting the class structure and workforce through the Bracero program, enactment of the Alien Land Law, and the return to sharecropping is quite strong even though there is a weakness in her argument due to her straying from the topic at hand and not offering an argument for the capitalist side. Wells establishes her ethos in the beginning of theRead MoreImmigrants Coming to America867 Words   |  3 Pagestheir home land my great grandparents moved the family back to Sicily when my grandmother was only several months old. In the early 1950’s my grandmother who was born in the United States left Sicily with her husband and three grown children. The migration of foreigners to the United States has been one of the most powerful forces shaping American history this was especially true between 1860 and 1920. (American A Narrative History, Pg. 827). 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The American Civil Liberties Union defines racial profiling as: â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (ACLU, 2017). Initiatives within the USA Patriot Act such as Special Registration required the fingerprintingRead MoreJapanese American Incarceration Essay1885 Words   |  8 PagesJapanese Americans. Internment, the term that has typically been used to describe the holding of Japanese citizens, is defined as the legal detention of enemy aliens during wartime. This is inaccurate as about 66% of those imprisoned were American Citizens. Incarceration on the other hand refers to the imprisonment of citizens, not aliens, so it more accurately describes the situation that faced Japanese Americans. The camps have also had different terms used to describe them. The military andRead MoreThe United States And Foreign Policy With China1670 Words   |  7 PagesAgreement between the US and the government of Panama granting America the right to start construction on a canal o Insular Cases- ruled that people in our territories were not U.S. citizens and therefore didn t have equal rights; similar to the alien and sedition acts o Insurgents revolt- Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule it was supported by American sugar planters, and it eventually evolved into the Spanish American war. o Henry Cabot Lodge- Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations CommitteeRead MoreEssay about The History of Customs and Border Protection1147 Words   |  5 Pagesthe special agents for the purpose of examining the account and books of the collectors of customs. Special treasury agents were also created in the same year. In 1796 collectors of customs was tasked to aid the enforcement of quarantine and healthy laws. 1789 was the year of establishment of the marine hospital services. In 1799 the customs ensign and pennant was designed by treasury secretary Oliver Wolcott. During 18th century customs services had eradicated the huge national debt incurred

What Does Transgender Mean Essay - 1452 Words

Considering the rise in different branches of civil rights, we see a neo wave of citizens wanting a fix to the social injustices within our country. Specifically for the LGBTQ movement, we see an increase of people being active and supportive to combat a patriarchal and gender binary society. For example, the recent yet, prevalent argument about same sex marriage. In addition to many people who died, were publicly humiliated, physically and or sexually abused because of their sexual preferences or gender identity. As for transgendered people, they are often ridiculed and are victims of offensive behavior by people who feel that they are entitled to know about that person’s life. Even when the subject knows they are being offensive and that the other feels uncomfortable, they submerge themselves into their personal space anyway. In order to avoid this ignorance, we must research and educate ourselves about these issues. What does transgender mean essentially? Transgender is a person who feels that the gender they were born with, is not the one that they identify themselves with. Despite contrary belief, they are real authentic people and deserve treatment as such. We need to respect them as individuals, respect everyone s right to privacy, and encourage them to fall in love with themselves holistically. How did the word transgender become existent in society? Well, our society is not only patriarchal but it supports a gender binary system. For example, the term ladies andShow MoreRelatedWhy Suicide Is An Epidemic Of The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesStates; especially when 41% of transgender individuals have attempted suicide compared 1.6% of the general population (Gay Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation). Due to this, the question of whether or not transgender youth have a harder, more straining adolescence than their cisgender counterparts rises. Although adolescence can be hard on everyone, experiences such as a school environment, puberty, laws that guarantee protection, family and social acceptance of transgender youth are harder than thoseRead MoreThe World Of Athletics Has Been Built Around A Binary View1634 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting stuck in the middle. There is a growing social acceptance of transgender and intersex individuals in society, however, when it co mes to sport these individuals are often left isolated on an island of controversy. The majority of this controversy surrounds the debate of whether or not transgender and intersex females should be allowed to compete in women’s sports. Society does not have a problem with the integration of transgender and intersex athletes in male sports because, due to biologicalRead MoreComparing Intersex And Transgender Females Deserve A Place Of Belonging1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntersex and transgender females deserve a place of belonging in the world of sport. Society’s need to categorize humans makes it difficult for minorities to find a sense of belonging. Humans are easily given labels by society - as gay, straight, black, asian, female, male etc. This system works for the majority of people, and those who fit in do not see a necessity to change these constructs. As Judith Butler argues in her essay Undoing Gender we must remake the definition of human by deconstructingRea d MoreTransgender1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Transgender/Transsexual Olivia Warehime Tarleton State University ABSTRACT A transgender is someone that believes that their gender does not match their anatomy that they were born with. Transgender believes that they’re in someone else’s body. For example someone that was born a male believes he’s a female and vice versa. Keyword: heterosexism, LGBT, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Prevention Why are people transgender? ACN, S. (2011, February 27). Health experts believe that beingRead MoreWhat Are Y All Hoping For?1585 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"What are y’all hoping for?† inquires a woman of her newly pregnant friend. â€Å"Oh,† replies the expecting mother, â€Å"we don’t care, we will love our child no matter what gender they are!† The child is born in a celebration of pink and leads a fairly normal life for the first few years, but now the toddler is in school and realizes that it is more enjoyable to play sports and have short hair. The tomboy reaches middle school and begins the horrific changes of puberty, praying in vain every night toRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : I Am Cait1171 Words   |  5 Pagestransition as a transgender woman. The Vanity Fair issue also included an interview style article, as well as other insight into Jenner’s life as Caitlyn. Many people reacted in a positive way congratulating the courage it took to come out in such a public way, while others instantly began to criticize Jenner and her motives. 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Traditional masculinity has certain characteristics assigned to it such as strength, power, control, to be tough, and show no emotion, etc. These traits and thus masculinity have been traditionally assigned to the male body as â€Å"the male body is the most common purveyor of mas culinity, but that does not mean that masculinity is entirely contained withinRead MoreTransgender Laws in America Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pageswhether by law or by a person’s opinion. Although there are rights that are law, it does not mean the people would obey the laws accordingly. Discrimination and harassment against transgender and people of a different sexuality is common among people under the age of 25. Studies shows that about 49 percent of transgender people under the age of 25 have attempted suicide because they were harassed (Ford). 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Account Practical Approach Pearson Education â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Accounting A Practical Approach Pearson Education? Answer: Introducation As per the Australian taxation provisions, accounting for income tax purpose is for production of the overall result to reflect the activities with trading stock in a year. According to Section 70(10) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, "Trading stock" means anything that is produced or acquired or manufactured, which is held for the purposes of sale or exchange or manufacture in the course of business (Valuing trading Stock, 2017). According to Section 70(10) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, an item of trading stockin hand at the end of an income year shall be valued at cost or its market selling value or its replacement value (Blakelock and King, 2017).The term 'obsolescence' refers to stock which is going out of use; or going out of date, or becoming unfashionable or outmoded[1]. The accurate value of the obsolete stock will be scrap value if this stock can be sold as scrap (TR 93/23. Income tax: valuation of trading stock subject to obsolescence or other special circumstances, 2006). If it cannot be sold as scrap but remains on hand, it may be valued at nil. Case analysis and Assessability of trading stock In the given case, Tony manufactures the gazebo and second-hand gazebo chairs which are his trading stock at the end of the income year; which can be valued either at cost or selling price or replacement cost; also a different method can be chosen each year for different items of stock. The obsolete item shall be either valued at nil or its scrap value, whichever is the case. Value of trading stock of New Gazebos based on the cost: Item of Cost Value (in $) Labour 70 Material 80 Factory Overheads 100 Total 250 No. of new Gazebos manufactured 10 No. of new Gazebos sold 6 Closing Stock of New Gazebos 4 Value of closing stock of new Gazebos 1000 Value of second-hand Gazebo Chairs: Particulars No. Value/piece(in $) Total Value(in $) Opening stock 5 5 25 Purchase 3 10 30 Total 8 55 Market selling price 20 Cost of replacing 15 No. of chairs sold 4 78 Closing stock 4 Since the new gazebos and second-hand gazebo chairs are manufactured and acquired for the purpose of the sale will form part of the trading stock. By considering the above calculation, Value of the 4 new gazebos at 30 June 2017 will be $1000. Since the market selling value differs from the market value of the item, closing value of 4-second hand gazebo chairs can be taken at the replacement cost of $15 for each chair, which totals to $60. The nominal value of $1 to be taken as the value of obsolete units. Case description and legal provisions associated with it According to the given case taxpayer sells and services computers. Spare parts purchased as part of this business are used either to replace defective parts in computers sold or to fix computers maintained. Thus issue, in this case, is to determine Whether these spare parts will be considered as trading stock? What if the taxpayer is engaged in the leasing of computers to other individuals and utilise the spare parts for the resolving defects in the leased computers? Spare parts held in stock by a computer supplier are considered as trading stock if they are used by the supplier in the following ways[2]: Direct sale. Repair of any equipment with a separate charge. Repair of a customer's equipment under an agreement of maintenance with periodical maintenance charge (TR 93/20.Income tax: computer spare parts, 1993). Repair of a customer's equipment under warranty. Repair of new or used computer equipment purchased for the purpose of making further sales[3]. Manufacturing the computer equipment for making a further At times, a computer is sold or leased to a purchaser with either warranty of voluntary, contractual or statutory nature where a warranty service is provided by labour and parts for a certain period at no cost to the customer (Barkoczy, 2017). At the expiry, they enter into a maintenance agreement where computer supplier is required to maintain the customer's equipment in good condition including the replacement and removal of defective parts (Wilson, Freeman and Freeman, 2015). The customer pays an annual maintenance fee in lieu of warranted services in the provision of a repair-on-demand service. Case analysis and Assessability of trading stock In the current case, the taxpayer is making sales of computers as well as repairing computers for which a maintenance agreement has been entered. Thus both the categories fall under the criteria where spare parts will be considered as a trading stock. Under the lease agreement where the taxpayer would lease computers and repair leased computers with its acquired spare parts, an annual maintenance fee is charged by the supplier. Unless the service provided is other than the agreement, no further charges are collected from the customer. Therefore these spare parts fall under the statutory list given above. Spare parts used are used either to replace defective parts in computers sold or to fix computers maintained under maintenance agreements will be considered as the trading stock in this case. If the taxpayer only lease computers to its customers and make use of the spare parts to remedy defects in the leased computers, still these spare parts will form part of the trading stock as the lease agreement is nothing but another type of warranty or maintenance agreement, where the supplier assures the customer of maintaining the equipment in workable condition during the tenure of agreement. References Barkoczy, S., 2017. Core Tax Legislation and Study Guide. OUP Catalogue. Blakelock, S. and King, P., 2017. Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching. Proctor, The, 37(6), p.18. Wilson, V., Freeman, S. and Freeman, J., 2015. Accounting: A Practical Approach. Pearson Higher Education AU. TR 93/20.Income tax: computer spare parts. 1993. [Online]. ATO references: NO NO 92/8618-7 ISSN 1039 0731. Available through https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=TXR/TR9320/NAT/ATO/00001. [Accessed on 2nd October 2017]. TR 93/23. Income tax: valuation of trading stock subject to obsolescence or other special circumstances. 2006. [Online]. ATO references: NO 92/9428-7 ISSN 1039 - 0731 Available through https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=TXR/TR9323/NAT/ATO/00001. [Accessed on 2nd October 2017]. Valuing trading Stock. 2017. [Online]. Available through https://www.ato.gov.au/business/income-and-deductions-for-business/reconciliation-activities/accounting-for-trading-stock/valuing-trading-stock/. [Accessed on 2nd October 2017]

Masters of Professional Accounting

Question: Under section 180(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), directors have a duty to act with care and diligence, according to the size of the company and according to the responsibilities expected of that particular officer. Under section 180(2), there is a defence that the decision was a proper one under the circumstances, even though the decision later turns out to be not so good for the corporation. What is the criteria that a director needs to satisfy under section 180(2) in order to establish this defence? Do you think that section 180(2) does a good job in protecting directors in making business decisions? Does it need to protect directors better? Answer: Discussion on section 180(2) of Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) The Section 180 under the Corporation Act 2001 suggests that the directors of any company must exercise their duties with required care and diligence in order to meet the purpose of the company in best possible way. At the same time, the section 180(1) in the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) states that the directors of the companies must conduct their duties with proper care and diligence and by considering responsibilities of the directors and the size of the organization or company. However, on the other side, the 180(2) under the same act that is Corporation Act 2001 states about the defence that the decision or actions of the directors must be proper under the particular circumstances, however, it may happen that the actions taken by the directors will not provide such advantage to the company in future.[5] However, this defence under section 180(2) of Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) can be established only if the following criteria are met. The criteria are stated as under: The first criterion is the director must take the decision or action in order to fulfill some good reason or for an appropriate reason that will serve the company a good result in that specific circumstance. The second criterion is that the director of the company must not have any personal interest on that action or decision. The director of the company who has made the decision or taken the action must inform about the main subject matter behind the particular decision or action. The subject matter must be appropriate or proper to be believed. The last criterion is that the decision or action taken by the director must provide the best interest to the company or organization. Therefore, these are the criteria that the director of a company must satisfy in order to appeal for this defence under section 180(2) of Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). As per the above discussion and as per the section 180(2) under the Corporation act 2001 (Cth) it can be said that the section 180(2) can protect the directors of the company at the time of taking decision for the business. This particular section of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) provides such a guideline that shows the right path to the directors of the company. The section 180(2) states how the directors must take their decisions. This means the section talks about the factors or situations that the directors must consider at the time of taking the decision. At the same time, the section also states that if the directors fail to maintain the guidelines then the directors will be penalized by the court. The section 180(2) of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) states that the director of the company must consider the goodness of the company and must not consider his or her personal interest. If the director of a company takes any decision as per this particular act or this particular section of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth), then there are more chances of taking decision in order to achieve best interest of the company as per the particular situation in which the decision is being taken. On the other side, if the director takes the decision to increase the value of the organization or company then there are more possibilities for the personal growth of the director also. This means the Section 180(2) under the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) guides the directors of the company in achieving their personal growth by fulfilling the companys interests in best possible manner. Need for expanding defenses available under Section 180(2) Under Section 180(2) the defenses are available to a director under the following circumstances: The directors have acted with a bona fide intention and for a proper purpose; They have no material interest in the judgment which they have made The judgment should be rational They have made the judgment keeping in mind the best interests of the Corporation. Under the present regulatory regime the defenses are narrow and it is difficult for directors to explain or defend a short term risk which they take in response to the rapid changes in the market. The test laid down under Section 180(2) is an objective test which requires rationalization of judgments made by the Directors. This will put Directors in great difficulty who tend to take huge risk. Many persons who are eligible and who have an innovative mind and who are prone to take risks, as a result, hesitate to become a Director. The defenses available under Section 180(2) are not of much use and there is necessity of a more wide and broad defense provision which would allow the directors to take vibrant risks and which would allow the economy to prosper and grow in the light of brave steps taken by the Directors. [6] Conclusion During this study it has been identified that there are different types of legal structures available to a business organization. The discussion in the question 1 of the study has identified that the business of Denise and Freda is a partnership business and the present poor financial situation of the company can be improved if the partners of the company convert the structure of the company into a limited company. The study has also found out how a non executive director and a minor shareholder can protect himself or herself from any unethical decision taken by the directors of the company. In the answer of question 2, it has been identified that the directors of The Best Coffee Limited have breached their duties and have not shown proper care and diligences in their activities. In question 3, the study has stated about the rights that Rick can apply by using the sections 232, 181 and 182 of Corporation Act 2001. The question 4 of the study discussed about the section 180(2) of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) and identified that there are different criteria those are important to be maintained by the directors of the company establish the defence. The answer of the same question also suggests that the section 180(2) provides a better protection to the directors of the companies in taking decision for the business. Bibliography [1] Scott, Jason,Business Structures: What Legal Designation may be Right for You?(Journal Publications Inc, 2014) vol 30 [2] Anonymouscompany Director(Oxford University Press, 4th ed, 2012) [3] Lowry, John, 'The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey' (2012) 75The Modern Law Review249 [4] Holland, Peter and Amanda Pyman, 'Trade Unions and Corporate Campaigning in a Global Economy: The Case of James Hardie' (2012) 33Economic and Industrial Democracy555 [5] Baxt, Robert, 'The Law Relating to a Director's Duty of Care and Diligence: Giving a More Encouraging Interpretation in the Federal Court' (2015) 89Australian Law Journal843 [6] Fox, Judith, 'Honest and Reasonable Director Defence' (2015) 67Governance Directions218.